Strategic Analyses for Bellamy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Anayses for Bellamy. Answer: Strategic Analyses for Bellamy Bellamy is an organic food manufacturer based in Australia. It was started way back in 2004 by Tasmanian family. The main focus of the company is to provide organic alternatives as well as formula products for young children. The organic food they produced are certified and are made from the raw materials obtained locally. The primary market for the range of products that the company produces is the Australian local market, where the company sales their products to the retailers for distribution to customers. Apart from the local market, Bellamy also, sales its products to the Asian countries such as China and South East Asia through distributors as well as the online sale through their portal (Bellamy's Resource Centre, n.d.). The company believes in providing natural organic food, which is cultivated by ensuring that there is no utilization of artificial manures, pesticides, added substances, and growth and development controllers. Organic nourishment is more advantageous than trad itional food and in this way is, the most favoured food nutrients for toddlers and young children with age below five years. Macro-Environment Analysis Bellamy organic food limited is the food bowl of the Australian as well as Asian market in general. There are several factors that affect their operations and subsequently their success. The macro environment can be better analyzed utilizing the PESTEL analysis. These include external factors that directly or indirectly affect the business operations of Bellamy. The factors are not within the control of the firm. They include political, economic, technological, social, legal and environmental factors. Political Factors The factors give a reflection on the governmental influence on the business operation of the firm. The organic food manufactured by Bellamy are directly affected by the Australian government regulations on organic food. This acts as an opportunity to the company as it gives room for them to improve their standards on proper labelling of their products. Bellamy also benefits from the free trade agreements especially with new local locations apart from the overseas markets. This acts as an opportunity which aids the firm in expanding its operations regarding size and customers. The local trade agreements seek to create a market for the local organic food which is certified and banded as safe for consumption. The government will have advertised on their behalf or created easy penetration and entry into new markets. The high labour standards in Australia is a threat to the company since the company will have to utilize more capital on employing the qualified staff to work on various production sections. This high cost of labour will be reflected on the cost of the end products which will likely be high. Expensive products will mean less turnover because few consumers will afford the firms products (Robins, 2015). On the other hand, the labour standards assure the local market on fair employment and labour opportunities which are an opportunity to Bellamy to get qualified staff. Economic Factors Due to the presence of economic stability in Australia, Bellamy has an opportunity to grow steadily, and satisfy the demands of the local population. The high employment rates in Australia acts as another opportunity to the company. The operations of the firm will flow steadily due to the constant availability of labour. On the other side, the high cost of labour is a threat to the company. The firm will be forced to increase the prices of organic food in their stores to meet the costs of paying the labour, and also remain with significant profits for the company. Bellamy has to develop well-structured strategies to ensure that this threat is neutralized and retain their market share regarding competitive prices of their end products. Socio-Cultural Factors These factors define the social characteristics that directly or indirectly influence Bellamys employees, investors and their customers. The ever increasing emphasis on the need to stay on a healthy lifestyle is an opportunity to the Bellamy organic food industry. Their ingredients are of high quality, and also, the fact that their products are certified gives the customers peace of mind. Most of the consumers will likely become potential customers for the company due to their need to satisfy their healthy lifestyle class (Aertsens, Verbeke, Mondelaers and Van Huylenbroeck, 2009). Another social opportunity for Bellamy is the ever increasing social diversity in Australia. There are a lot of immigrants in the recent years due to the countrys economic, social and political stability. This cultural diversity is a potential market for the company. The product mix provided by the firm serves the culturally diverse market. The only social threat to the company is the wealth gap, which has been increasing over the recent years. The middle class becomes weak such that, their ability to purchase Bellamys products will decrease. Since middle class are the major consumers of the products, the company will likely lose a lot of revenues. Technological Factors It includes the effects of technology as well as the changes in technology. Bellamy has embraced automation technology in their line of production. Automation increases efficiency in business operation which leads to high production using reduced input costs. This will result in cheap products. Also, Bellamy has mobile and internet technology to market and sell their products. They have a fully operational website (https://www.bellamysorganic.com.au/) which contains all the information about the company, and the products they are producing. Through their portal, the customers can access the information on the various available products and procedures on how to use the individual product (Bellamy's Organic, n.d.). This is an opportunity to the company since it provides a platform where the firm can reach to a maximum number of potential customers possible. Environmental Factors These are the conditions of the natural environment, which have the capacity to influence the firm directly or indirectly. Changes in climatic conditions for example, is a threat to Bellamy organic industry since the supply of their raw materials directly from the farmers will be affected (Seymour and Ridley, 2005). The productivity will likely decrease. Bellamy can increase their performance in the waste disposal management section. This will boost their sustainability in the market. Legal Factors It includes the effects of various laws on the business operation. Bellamy has always been adhering to the environmental protection laws and policies. This has greatly boosted their brand image, and thus an opportunity to the firm. There are also, rules and policies that seek to control the production of commercial baby foods (Neales, 2016). These rules may favour or cause a negative effect to Bellamy organic. The macro environment has a greater impact on Bellamy organic industry operation. The growth of the firm largely depends on the external factors rather than internal factors. Unfavorable external factors may lead to the collapse of the business operation if they are now well analyzed to ensure harmonious interrelationship with the internal operations. The company needs to ensure that their internal operations are always in harmony despite the fluctuations or challenges in the caused by the external environment. Bellamy should always utilize the available opportunities, capitalize on their strengths and minimize their weaknesses through all means possible. Bellamys Competitive Analysis In this analysis, the 5-forces analysis developed by Michael Porter developed will be used to assess the firms competitiveness in the market and subsequently generate the strategies accordingly. Through the analysis of five forces, the company can easily determine the profit margins they should expect in a competitive market. This model helps the firm in the analysis the intensity of competition available within their line of operation. The model cuts across all the industries and markets regarding its effects. These forces will also, determine the length of stay of the company or firm in the competitive market as well as the general growth and profits of the firm (Lombardo, 2017). Suppliers power Bargain If the suppliers have a strong power to bargain, then they will manage to sell the firms products at relatively high prices leading to high profits. Also, their high bargaining power may lead to the supply of low-quality inputs into the firm which will result in subsequent low-quality products from the firm. Bellamy has always managed to balance the bargaining powers of their suppliers such that their impacts are minimal and does not affect the firm negatively. Bellamy has a wide range of sources of raw material, and all are from within the local markets. This has greatly reduced the bargaining power of the suppliers. Bellamy is always holding the competitive advantage regarding obtaining the raw material and selling their end products to the consumers. The firm has a good relationship with their suppliers, either for the raw materials or their final products. This has led to increased profits, as well as enabling the firm to thrive in the industry for long despite the competition fr om their rivals. Competitive Rivalry within the Organic Food Industry Bellamy faces a lot of competition from other organic food industries especially from China and other Asian countries. The only advantage to the firm is their brand image due to their quality and purely organic products. Their products are certified and known to cause no alarming impacts on the infants, who are the main consumers of their products. This has enabled Bellamy to gain a large market share in the organic food industry despite the increasing number of competitors. The rivalry is not that intense because the consumers loyalty to the firms organic food is high, the exit barriers are low for any firm moving out, and the competitors are not strong. The Bellamy's online marketing and selling are boosting their turnover of the infant organic food material because of comfort and simplicity of operation. Additionally, expanded web and smart phone accessibility in the rising nations of Asia Pacific has increased the development. Physical shops hold the biggest offer in the market o f the infant organic food stuff. Local raw materials are normally sold in grocery stores, as clients lean toward a material experience before purchasing an item. In this manner, clients can guarantee the freshness and nature of the item being purchased. These are some of the competitive advantages that Bellamy has over their rivals in the industry. Customers Power to Bargain If the customers possess a high power to bargain, then they have the capacity to demand either the prices of the products to be reduced or the quality of the products be increased to meet their expectations. If this holds, then the low price of the commodities will result in high turnover but low profits to the firm. On the other hand, the demand for increased quality of products calls for high costs of inputs, therefore, increasing the costs of production. In this scenario, Bellamy customers have an average bargaining power. The number of customers buying the firms products is high in number due to the reputation and brand image of the firm. Their products also are of high quality. Hence, the customers have minimal capacity to demand lower prices for the commodities (Lombardo, 2017). The substitutes of organic food for infants are available, but those substitutes are incomparable with those delivered by Bellamy. Threat of New Entrants This force determines the ease of entry into the industry. Barriers such as government regulations and capital will determine the entry of new firms into the same line of productions. If the industry is seen to be more profitable, then there will be possible inflows of many entrants into the same line of production. Producing quality infant organic food requires a lot of capital and major investments regarding labour and other costs. Therefore, new entrants, in this case, are limited due to the competitive nature of the existing companies. Bellamy produces high-quality organic food for its consumers. Most of the population trust the company since it has served for a longer period with no major complaints. This makes hard for new entrants to get into such market since they will be forced to resort to measures such as lowering the prices of their products will significantly affect their turnover. Government regulations regarding standards required to operate such a business will likely to reduce the threat of new entrants into the organic food industry. Customer loyalty to the existing brands is also another factor that the new entrants are facing. When it comes to commodities such as food stuff, especially for infants and young babies, most of the people are too much sensitive. Most of them are forced to be loyal to the existing brands. People trust experience and value those products that have been proven beyond doubt that they are fit for their consumption. Threat of Substitutes It is always a greater threat when the existing customers find new alternatives or substitutes of the products that the firm has been selling. If the substitute serves the same purpose, and the prices are relatively low, then the customers are likely to shift into that product causing a serious threat. Most of Bellamys customers are unlikely to switch into other available substitutes due to the good services offered by the firm. The products are competitively priced, and at the same time, their products are of greater quality. This makes most of their customers to remain loyal to the firms product (Padel and Foster, 2005). The company has also taken advantage of technology and has gained a lot of customers across the country and Asian countries at large. They advertise, sell, and offer an appropriate guidance on how to use their products. Basing on the analysis, Bellamy has a greater chance of growing and expanding their market share due to the brand image and quality services they offer. They have all the advantages over their competitors. They are always goal oriented, and ahead of the rest in new developments. Their products meet all the required standards and thus are considered safe. They use no preservatives in manufacturing their products, hence their products have shorter shelf-life, but with a greater advantage on the other side. Resources and Competencies The VRIO analysis enables one to analyze the resources of the company and evaluate their competitive advantage. Value This is a question regarding the available resources of an organization, as to whether the can fully provide sufficient poser to the company to outdo the forces of their competitors. The available resources and capabilities of the company should be able to neutralize any threat, especially the external threats, to enable the firm gain maximum profits possible. Bellamy organic food for infants is of greater value, and most of the consumers prefer. The firm uses quality ingredients in manufacturing their various range of products. The certified raw materials as well as the safe output products places the companys products at a higher position of gaining higher turnover. They ensure that there are no preservatives included, which makes the products have a shorter shelf-life, but a greater customer attraction. These products give Bellamy a higher competitive advantage over their competitors products in the market. The products empower the firm to use the available resources to produce more to meet the demands of its clients. Rare This issue of rarity refers to a scenario where the availability of the products or the raw materials that the firm uses are limited to only few competing companies. The resources that have been classified as of highest value among several products, and are rare will enable the firm to gain competitive advantage over their rivals in the industry (Cardeal and Antonio, 2012). The raw materials used by Bellamy are available but the procedure of handling them, all through to the manufacturing process is unique. This makes their products special and admirable to most of the consumers. The greatest advantage that the firm is that, their process of manufacturing their organic food is capital intensive. In this case, the company enjoys this advantage through the production of quality products which has high market acceptance. Were it not for the unique process, the company could be facing more challenges due to the competitive industry where the products are not rare, making it available to most of the firms in the same line of business. Expensive to imitate or Copy The products produced by any firm should involve high technicality when it comes to the question of how easy can we produce a similar product. There will be a greater competitive advantage for the firm if their resources are difficult to be copied (Lin, Tsai, Wu and Kiang, 2012). The input resources should be rare and coupled with high value in order to give the firm a lasting competitive advantage, where they can enjoy massive profits for a longer period. The Bellamys products are hard to imitate due to the patent rights, and also they utilize natural means in their manufacturing process. The products are always with no additives or preservatives. Organization This seeks to evaluate to extend is the firm organized in terms of obtaining the necessary resources, and utilizing their strengths to maximize profits in the competitive market. The firm should have a better management that organizes the available valuable and rare resources to ensure maximum exploitation and utilization (Falkenberg and Brunsl, 2011). The maximum exploitation of the available resources will give the firm a higher competitive advantage over the rest of the firms. Bellamys organization has always been one of the best in the organic food industry. Their success is as a result of good and qualified management who provides better organization of resources. References Aertsens, J., Verbeke, W., Mondelaers, K. and Van Huylenbroeck, G., (2009). Personal determinants of organic food consumption: a review. British Food Journal, 111(10), pp.1140-1167. Bellamy's Resource Centre. (n.d.). Organic food: what's driving Australian consumer habits? - Bellamy's Organic. [Online] Available at: https://www.bellamysorganic.com.au/blog/organic-food-whats-driving-australian-consumer-habits/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2017]. Bellamy's Organic. (n.d.). Home. [Online] Available at: https://www.bellamysorganic.com.au/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2017]. Cardeal, N. and Antonio, N.S., (2012). Valuable, rare, inimitable resources and organization (VRIO) resources or valuable, rare, inimitable resources (VRI) capabilities: What leads to competitive advantage?. Chang, H.S. and Zepeda, L., (2005). Consumer perceptions and demand for organic food in Australia: Focus group discussions. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 20(3), pp.155-167. Falkenberg, J. and Brunsl, P., (2011). Corporate social responsibility: a strategic advantage or a strategic necessity?. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(1), pp.9-16. Lin, C., Tsai, H.L., Wu, Y.J. and Kiang, M., (2012). A fuzzy quantitative VRIO-based framework for evaluating organizational activities. Management Decision, 50(8), pp.1396-1411. Lombardo, J. (2017). Whole Foods Market Five Forces Analysis (Porters Model) - Panmore Institute. [online] Panmore Institute. Available at: https://panmore.com/whole-foods-market-five-forces-analysis-porters-model [Accessed 17 Aug. 2017]. Meredith Butcher, L., Rose Chester, M., Michelle Aberle, L., Jo-Ann Bobongie, V., Davies, C., Louise Godrich, S., Alan Keith Milligan, R., Tartaglia, J., Maree Thorne, L. and Begley, A., 2014. Foodbank of Western Australia's healthy food for all. British Food Journal, 116(9), pp.1490-1505. Neales, S. (2016). Chinas changes a bad formula. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/chinas-crackdown-on-foreigners-a-bad-formula-for-bellamys/news-story/654c955c6e7f430cd89995a5bd44fa2a [Accessed 17 Aug. 2017]. Niggli, U., Earley, J. and Ogorzalek, K., (2007). Organic agriculture and the environmental stability of food supply. Padel, S. and Foster, C., (2005). Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour: Understanding why consumers buy or do not buy organic food. British food journal, 107(8), pp.606-625. Page, K.L., Dalal, R.C., Pringle, M.J., Bell, M., Dang, Y.P., Radford, B. and Bailey, K., (2014). Organic carbon stocks in cropping soils of Queensland, Australia, as affected by tillage management, climate, and soil characteristics. Soil Research, 51(8), pp.596-607. Robins, B. (2015).Bellamy's woes self-inflicted, say rivals. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/bellamys-keeps-hanging-in-the-balance-as-it-negotiates-with-suppliers-20161219-gte4ot.html [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017]. Seymour, E.J. and Ridley, A.M., 2005. Toward environmental management systems in Australian agriculture to achieve better environmental outcomes at the catchment scale. Environmental Management, 35(3), pp.311-329.

Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About College Level Research Paper Topics and What You Need to Do

Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About College Level Research Paper Topics and What You Need to Do What Does College Level Research Paper Topics Mean? The entire research should be constructed around or from this issue. You must be certain to understand everything clearly once you select an essay topic. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. There are several intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Top Choices of College Level Research Paper Topics If you have to write only a single paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out since you are blessed. The conclusion provides the general verdict of the argument. The need to create strong arguments in the paper might not be as easy as non-writers would think. A superb thesis statement expresses your take or opinion and your conclusion about this issue. Research the next topics and determine which one could best suit your wants. Both options aren't good enough because it's going to be difficult to pick the best literature. You must find the research to demonstrate your opinion is the right view of the topic. Choose the topic you'd like to research about in your work. When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that supplies a general review of the paper. A proposal essay is quite straightforward to comprehend. You have to understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. The Nuiances of College Level Research Paper Topics There's well-known that you aren't going to have the ability to write an excellent insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in the subject particularly. The samples we've got on our site can help in the assortment of the greatest research paper topics for college students. A generic topic is more likely to place your professor to sleep. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About College Level Research Paper Topics You have to write a minumum of one research paper in a semester for nearly all the subjects. The faculty ought to be convinced that the topic you have decided on is related to the training course. The many years they've spent writing college papers for students give them with the capacity to supply terrific papers. If you are bewildered about deciding on a topic for research paper, you have to first seek advice from your college faculty members. If you decide on a topic that's broad, general or commonly used, it won't only cause your investigating to acquire difficult but also it is going to be not able to leave a special and lasting impression on your teacher. Once you start college, at some point or another, you're likely to need to compose a heavy-duty research paper. If you like science, you're guaranteed to talk non-stop about it. Students can't pick the very first idea they see on the internet or in the print media it's about choosing excellent research paper topics on the relevant difficulties. Research paper topics on Business will help you in finding good suggestions to compose your research about. Research paper topics on Marketing will re-fresh your suggestions and give a few important hint on the probable topics you could pick for your paper. Research paper topics on English Literature will provide you fresh ideas to utilize in your paper. Make the usage of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. If you dig deeper, you will see various geographical problems that can develop into an ideal topic for your research paper. After the topic is chosen, it would be helpful to make an outline so you could see whether you have sufficient information for good-structured research paper. Just like any research paper essay, the most crucial issue is to construct your topic and paper with the robust evidence. What You Should Do to Find Out About College Level Research Paper Topics Before You're Left Behind The general public school is easily the most obvious first alternative for many families. however, it's also one that can cause them a great deal of concerns. You are likely to need to accept how you'll do a lot riding in college. For some students, a collection of topic is the easiest part. The ways students ought to be taught about their wellbeing. Facts, Fiction and College Level Research Paper Topics Well, mainly on account of the simple fact your research and writing revolves around the topic which you've chosen. Find interesting facts you could enhance your bit of writing. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to another person. So once you select your informative speech topic, don't pick something your audience will groan about whenever they hear it! The New Fuss About College Level Research Paper Topics The government should help homeless men and women get back on their feet. You should think of a notion and offer some evidence. Create guidelines of what you would like to do in your research. It's likewise not efficient to do too much research before you truly understand what you're searching for.

Improving Essay Writing Skills For College

Improving Essay Writing Skills For CollegeHow to improve essay writing skills for college can be achieved with some effort on the part of the student. What is needed is the proper introduction of the college essay, as well as the necessary skills to give your college student a competitive edge. Before we get into these skills, let's take a look at what a college essay is all about.It is the first step in a student's academic journey; it is the start of an actual essay. This is where students are going to be expected to make their case for an academic topic. The purpose of the essay is to convince the reader that the argument made is the right one. If you do not have the proper foundation for a college essay, it is important to get the proper skills.A college essay should begin with an introduction that sets the tone for the entire work. You have to build a good foundation. If you do not have the skills to do this, then you need to learn them from someone who does. Don't feel bad abou t spending a lot of time and effort learning the skills needed to write a quality college essay. You will be glad you did it.What are some things to consider when creating an effective introduction? First, start by introducing yourself. This will set the tone for the entire essay. The introduction must contain a summary of the academic qualifications of the writer, as well as an explanation of why you are a good candidate for the course. Then add some personal information, including your motivation and interests.Next, make sure that the introduction only contains material from the previous two sections. Once the individual sections are done, you need to introduce the main idea or theme of the entire essay. An example of this could be 'Because thereare so many opportunities in modern society, more students are required to attend college, and the work that they do on campus gives them valuable skills.' Do not get too into the weeds, simply talk about the main idea in order to set the scene for the rest of the essay.As in any other essay, you need to create a paragraph in which you summarize the theme of the entire work. In addition, it is important to keep the paragraph short. Only add three paragraphs. This helps to maintain a sense of order and clarity throughout the entire paper.After you are finished writing the essay, take a second to edit the work. There is no reason to try to get it perfect before it goes to the final draft. Just make the necessary corrections and then save it. You can then put it online so that others can read it. Be sure to put the proper citations when doing this.That is all you need to know about how to improve essay writing skills for college. What you learn in this article will be helpful to you throughout your writing career. Good luck with your future college efforts!

How to Research U.S. History

How to Research U.S. HistoryU.S. History research paper topics can be challenging to choose from. The type of history you will need to research will dictate the kind of paper you will have to write.In most cases, history is considered to be a vital part of American life. Many of the important events that shaped our country took place during this period of time. Still, some of the stories are not always told because they were controversial or even distasteful by many of the people in the past.Writing an essay on a subject that is considered taboo can be very difficult. You may find it more interesting to write about the less controversial things that shaped the country in recent years. For example, some of the most notable politicians and leaders of the past have been people who have been heavily criticized in the past. That doesn't mean that they are bad people, and in fact, many of them faced challenges that are just as tough as those faced by anyone else in the world today.A great topic for research paper on U.S. history is World War II. Because of the intensity of the war, many Americans are interested in studying the wars that happened around the world. The best thing about this topic is that there are many different perspectives to learn from. While many of the conflicts have been fully documented, there are also those that are not as well documented and therefore, this form of writing could come in handy.History may not be something that you know about or have much knowledge about. This is why many college students think that writing an essay on this topic is difficult. They do not know exactly what questions to ask and what research to complete to get the right answers.Even though writing research paper topics on U.S. history is difficult, it doesn'thave to be impossible. Instead, it is often easier to use reference books and other articles written about the period. There are also a lot of e-books available that can be used as your resource material when it comes to researching for this type of paper.Some of the questions that you need to ask yourself when it comes to writing about U.S. history include: What was important for this country to achieve? Why do some people view this period of time as a period of success and others as a period of failure? What were the themes of the time and were these themes reflected in certain people's lives?Writing an essay on U.S. history is something that you should do if you have the drive to do so. Researching is fun and satisfying, and it will give you a deeper understanding of how the country was formed and grew. Many of the major events that shaped our country can be found online, including those included in a paper on U.S. history.

Can You Write an Essay While You Type?

Can You Write an Essay While You Type?You may not know it, but you can earn money writing an essay while you type. I was thinking about this today and just wanted to share this with you. The main reason I brought this up is because I have the same problem. I am trying to get through college with a limited amount of time and a lot of assignments I need to do.The problem is that I am too lazy to write some articles for my blog. Most of them are scattered around. Even when I do write them, they tend to be very short and to the point. So, what's the solution?I did a search online and found several sites that would allow me to do all the work for me. One of the benefits of these sites is that they provide online writing jobs. One of the best aspects of these sites is that they don't require any type of credit check. They will pay you as long as you send them the work that they are looking for.I would recommend this as a great resource because you can earn extra cash on the side of your fu ll time job. This will give you time to focus on a more important task at hand. I know I'm a fast writer and that is why I have a limited amount of time, but I really enjoy doing my writing.I think the best thing about these sites is that they are very professional. If they require you to provide a resume, your blog name, etc, then that is not something that is going to be a concern.This is a one-way deal and you get paid by the time you send in your work. The way the site works is as follows: These are just a few of the many advantages that an essay writing site has to offer. So, if you are in a similar situation, you might want to consider applying to one of them.

Corrosion And Rusting Essays - Corrosion, Rust, Electrochemistry

Corrosion and Rusting Corrosion and Rusting Introduction Some people may be annoyed by their car ?wearing out?. Kids may have trouble with rust forming on their bicycles. One may think how to prevent rusting, but do one knows what is happening when a metal corrode? ?Corrosion is defined as the involuntary destruction of substances such as metals and mineral building material by surrounding media, which are usually liquid (i.e. corrosive agents).? Most metals corrode. During corrosion, they change into metallic ions. In some cases, the product of corrosion itself forms a protective coating. ?For example, aluminium forms a thin protective oxide layer which is impervious to air and water. In other cases (e.g. iron), however, the coating either flakes off or is pervious to both air and water. So the whole piece of metal can corrode right through.? The most common forms of metallic corrosion are caused by electrochemical reactions, wherein two metallic phases (e.g., iron oxide and iron) react in the presence of electrolytic solution. Another mechanism of metallic corrosion is caused by chemical reaction, which explains how the protective layer of the metal is formed. Rusting is the corrosion of iron which is the most widely used structural metal. Most of it is used in making steel. The wide range of products made from steel includes all types of vehicles, machinery, pipelines, bridges, and reinforcing rods and girders for construction purposes. Therefore, rusting causes enormous economic problem and is the reason why extensive measures of corrosion protection have had to be developed. The economic importance of corrosion and corrosion protection can be shown by the following example: ?It is estimated that roughly 3% of the annual production of steel is lost by corrosion. In 1974, 140 millions tons of steel were produced in the United States at a cost of approximately $400 per tons. So this gives a monetary loss of about 1.7 billion dollars.? It is clearly of the utmost importance to reduce as far as possible the financial loss by corrosion, which not only affects steel but to the extent all other building metal as well. It is obvious that corrosion and rusting affect significantly the life of the society, so it is worthy to investigate this topic. In this essay, the cause of the corrosion and rusting and consequently the protection of the corrosion will be explored. Electrochemical corrosion reactions This type of corrosion takes place when two metallic phases with different electrochemical potentials are connected to each other by means of an electric conductor. Electrolytes such as acids, alkalis, salt solutions, or even milder media (e.g., rainwater, river water, groundwater, or tap water) also need to be present. ?Metallic phases with different electrochemical potentials exhibit electric potential differences. Potential differences may also arise because of impurities, internal stresses, corrosion products, damaged protective coatings, etc. They also occur when different metals are used. The larger the potential difference, the faster the rate of corrosion.? The electrochemical EMF series (Table 1) gives the electrochemical potential of metals under normal conditions with respect to hydrogen (hydrogen is 0). The farther two metals in electrochemical series are apart, the larger the potential difference between them. A metal is said to be less noble than those which stand to its right in the electrochemical series. In the case of electrochemical corrosion it is always the less noble metal which is removed. Table 1. Electrochemical Potential Series, Volts. KCaMgAlZnCrFeNiSnPbHCuAgAu -2.92-2.84-2.38-1.66-0.76-0.71-0.44-0.24-0.14-0.130.000.340.801.42 not noble -----------------------------------------------------------------> noble Likelihood of passing into solution decreases from left to right. The potential difference does not, however, always fully correspond with the corrosion phenomena experienced in practice. The reason is that oxide and other metal compounds have differing electrochemical potentials. Chemical corrosion reactions Metals have a tendency to combine with oxygen to form oxides and this is one of the chemical reactions. This tendency is the stronger the less noble the metal. The layers of oxide on the metal surface which are formed even in dry air may be insoluble and stable against an aqueous medium in contact with them. Therefore, if the oxide layers are dense and adhere well to the metal, they prevent further attack and act as a corrosion prevention layer. An example of this is aluminum oxide. However, iron differs in that, although it does form

Hobbes Leviathan

Hobbes Leviathan A society is defined as a group of people uniting in a common interest. Even though some people do not always seem to have parallel perspectives, they do share one common interest, which is survival. The survival of man is dependent on mans ability to adapt to their needs and surroundings. This concept is known as evolution. The society of man has evolved in its journey through time to help ensure mans survival. According to Thomas Hobbes Leviathan, it is in the nature of men to thirst for power, or the ability to control. Hobbes writes, ...a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and relentless desire of power after power, that ceases only in death. (p.330) He believes that the thirst for power is insatiable, and will only stop after death. The thirst for power is insatiable because he cannot assure the power and means to live well...without the acquisition of more. (p.330) Man can only guarantee his own survival by acquiring more power. Hobbes believes that mans struggle for power begins in a setting that he describes as state of nature. The state of nature is the name for a society that has no government, no rules, and everyone is granted equal power. An example of a society being in a state of nature would be the island in which The Lord of the Flies takes place. A group of young boys are stranded on a deserted island after a plane crash. Since there are no adults, there are no rules, nor governing body, and everyone has an equal voice in their society. But it is not long before the nature of man takes effect. The natural thirst for power causes the boys to become enemies, and the island is separated into two groups. With two groups on the island, it is only natural that one group craves to strip the power from the other group. In doing so, the two groups become enemies, and a ...