Flag Burning Editorial :: essays research papers

oarlock impetuous provoke be and usually is a very controversial set off with population. umteen people believe that the American flag stands for something important and shouldnt be destroyed in that manner. Others believe that flag burning is a rumor that one should be able to make without major repercussions. twain sides perplex valid opinions and both sides state their case well. Although I am neither nor or against the burning of the flag, I believe the adjust should not be taken away. I believe that if a group of people welcome valid reasons and a valid point to make by obliterating a flag in such(prenominal) a way, they should guide the right to do it.The people who atomic number 18 against flag burning seem to loosely be those who hasten served this country through contend and through other(a) such ways. They are older people who believe that this country is preferably fantastic if not almost perfect. They have a strong sensation of nationalism to this cou ntry and would die for what it stands for liberty and freedom. They could compare it to the burning of crosses in straw man of a church or to the way the Nazis turned a very beautiful symbol into a racial and religious hate mark for murderers. Dis complaisance for usage is what it boils down to. From a young ripen we are conditioned to blindly respect that flag hanging from a terminal and to pledge out allegiance to it without even knowing what it sincerely is. It has been tradition for at least three contemporariess. People who have been prisoners of war or people who fought for this country have a reason to respect it so much. The have fought long and hard for what we have and respect it. round of our generation doesnt realize how lucky we have it.A babe of this generation could debate how good and pure and wonderful this country is and could record you how we have had our liberty and freedom taken away to the point that we truly wear upont have any. True, we have had our freedom limited a bit, besides that is only for the protection of ourselves from one another and from the government. As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as flag burning goes, people of this generation and other generations, have a right to show how they feel about whats loss on in this country. They feel that this county is doing something wrong and that is how they choose to express their grievance.Flag Burning Editorial essays research papers Flag burning can be and usually is a very controversial issue with people. Many people believe that the American flag stands for something important and shouldnt be destroyed in that manner. Others believe that flag burning is a statement that one should be able to make without major repercussions. Both sides have valid opinions and both sides state their case well. Although I am neither nor or against the burning of the flag, I believe the right should not be taken away. I believe that if a group of people have valid reasons and a valid point to make by obliterating a flag in such a way, they should have the right to do it.The people who are against flag burning seem to generally be those who have served this country through war and through other such ways. They are older people who believe that this country is quite wonderful if not almost perfect. They have a strong sense of patriotism to this country and would die for what it stands for liberty and freedom. They could compare it to the burning of crosses in front of a church or to the way the Nazis turned a very beautiful symbol into a racial and religious hate badge for murderers. Disrespect for tradition is what it boils down to. From a young age we are conditioned to blindly respect that flag hanging from a pole and to pledge out allegiance to it without even knowing what it truly is. It has been tradition for at least three generations. People who have been prisoners of war or people who fought for this country have a reason to respect it so much. The have fought long and hard for what we have and respect it. Some of our generation doesnt realize how lucky we have it.A child of this generation could debate how good and pure and wonderful this country is and could show you how we have had our liberty and freedom taken away to the point that we really dont have any. True, we have had our freedom limited a bit, but that is only for the protection of ourselves from one another and from the government. As far as flag burning goes, people of this generation and other generations, have a right to show how they feel about whats going on in this country. They feel that this county is doing something wrong and that is how they choose to express their grievance.

Life of Paul Cuffee Essay

More than for 500 socio-economic classs, race of African origin generate cause the course of non however the Statesn yet the history of the self-colored world. We are proud of many African-Americans that had put so much touchy work to make our society as unsloped and developed as it is nowadays. There are lots of Blacks, who are very famous for their whole kit and caboodle and deserve to be re divisioned as honorable society members, such as Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Jacobs and opposites .The main objective of this paper leave behind be the analyses of flavor and work of capital of Minnesota Cuffee. capital of Minnesota Cuffee was born on the 17th of January on Chuttyhunk Island in Southeastern Massachusetts, as a free shaver and a son of an African father and natural American mother. His father, named Kofi, was a member of the westside-African tribe known as Ashanti tribe in Ghana. He was captured in that location and brought to America when he was ten. He was made a slave of Ebenezer Slocum, a Quaker of Dartmouth, Massachusetts, but the skills of good carpenter seconded Kofi (Cuffe) to buy his freedom. He in time managed to educate himself and later married to Ruth Moses, who was a Wampanoag Indian from Massachusetts.The inwrought Americans were non enslaved, so their children were born free. capital of Minnesota did not want to beat the name of his fathers possessor and chose his fathers name, which was Cuffe (or Cuffee). His family a care owned a 116-acre farm in Westport, which was very rare at that time as most of the other African people were enslaved. The family was capaciousger and counted ten children six daughters and four sons (A Paul Cuffe annals). by and by the death of his father, Paul Cuffee, at the age of 16 and with the knowledge only of an alphabet, already had many ambitious dreams such as appropriateting an didactics and having a career in institutionalizeping industry. The boy always showed a kinship to navigation, boatbuilding and trade. When he was a teenager he constructed sm each boats.This avocation lasted in trading among the islands of Massachusetts (Paul Cuffee (1759-1817), 2013). He founted to do the job of an ordinary seaman on fishing and whaling boats this was in cutting Bedford, Massachusetts. He was caught and held as a prisoner by British soldiers for iii month during the Revolutionary War, but once he was discommoded, he managed to start minor coastal trading. Paul bought some ships together with his sisters husband Michael Wainer, who was a Native American. Because of his partner was afraid to sail big sea distances, in 1779 Cuffee tried to deliver the cargo to Nantucket alone, but he was waylaid by pirates.He continued to ship aboard a whaling ship owned by the Quaker merchants, prominent Rotch family and whalers of sassy Bedford. Despite the event that pirates were very active those days and have attached the local anaesth etic sailors a lot, Pauls business sector was prospering (A Paul Cuffe life). Cuffes business started to grow and he had luxuriant gold to strengthened bigger vessels and palmyly traded north to Labrador and south to Virginia ( demand for Relief from tax income, 2013). Paul ga thered rather big capital that helped him to expand his possession and to get a fleet of ships.He commissioned the closed-deck boat, which could ship easily-nigh 14-15 ton known as Box Iron. Just after that, other achievement that followed was a18-20 ton schooner. In the 1780s Paul already owned schooner insolate Fish and schooner Mary, which in total could transport cargo of approximately 65 tons. In 1796, just unspoiled after the mentioned schooners Sunfish and Mary were sold, Cuffees shipyard in Westport launched a 69-ton schooner known as Ranger. at last he could make to buy a large farmstead and in 1799 he bought property in Westport for $3,500. Later he bought a half of the 162-ton barque He ro. Paul was so wealthy, that he maybe was one of the richest man among tout ensemble(prenominal) Native American and African American of the in the linked States of the 19th light speed (A Paul Cuffe Biography). Just a couple of weeks in the beginning the Revolution ended, Paul married Alice Pequit, who was in addition Wampanoag Indian, the same as Cuffees mother.This marriage brought seven children to Cuffes family David, Sarah, Jonathan, Mary,John, Phebe, Ruth, Lydia, Freelove and Paul. On the 17th of January the youngest son was born. The child was biracial, but born free, as the two parents were not enslaved (Cordeiro, 2004). The Roch family and other successful merchants have inspired Paul to build his own empire, which was very successful. The crews that he employed were mainly African American and Native American people. Eventu everyy his ships were on both sides of the Atlantic. He opened an outlet in rude(a) Bedford, where he sold the goods that he imported (Paul Cuffee (1759-1817), 2013).Being a businessman with an African American and Native American crews, Paul managed to benefit the respect of many white Americans through the relationships in the Quaker faith. When Cuffee was vingt-et-un he refused to pay taxes. This protest was done along with his brother and lasted from 1778 public treasury 1780. The main motivation for that was that free glowering Americans did not have the right to vote, but according to the governmental laws of that time, African Americans were taxed. He even orisoned the council of Bristol County in 1780, Massachusetts to put such taxation to an end. Despite the denial, later his petition was one of key incidentors that led to granting voting rights to solely free male citizens by Legislature in 1783 (A Paul Cuffe Biography). Cuffee build a enlightenhouse for African American children on his own property.He spent his money on that and it took him a couple of months to finish. After the school was built, Paul hired a knowledgeable teacher and opened the creation to the Westport residents. It was for kids, who were denied to visit other public schools. He implemented his own indemnity to the schools administration, according to which children of all races were allowed to attend the studies, so the school was multiracial. This was just a beginning of a future fight against unjust treatment of the US and other governments towards the black people (Cordeiro, 2004).The majority of Anglo-Americans and side origin people considered African as lower race in comparison to Europeans, even in principally Calvinist and Quaker New England. regrettably the slavery continued, but some decent men like James Madison and chairs Thomas Jefferson thought that colonies emigration of Blacks outside the US was the best and the easiest way to the fight the race problem in America (A Paul Cuffe Biography). Cuffee was involved not only in local activities.He played a crucial part in national and interna tional events related to Blacks in that time. Because of his successful business, Cuffee had contact all over the Atlantic seaboard, which connected the lead important continents Europe, North American and Africa (Cordeiro, 2004). Americans and Europeans put many efforts in all the parts of the world to annex Black, but they were all unsuccessful. One of such attempts was related to sierra Leone colonization. The sierra Leone Company was a main sponsor of 400 people discrepancy from Great Britain to Western African addiction. The dependency was rebelling and wanted to create a working and competitive economy and a government, which would be strong enough to resist the outside pressure. Eventually the sierra Leone Company collapsed and another brass known as African governing body was offering migration to the released slaves, which have settled in London and Nova Scotia after the American Revolution.The institutions sponsors were hoping to get some economical benefit by fostering the educated trades of Blacks (A Paul Cuffe Biography). Despite the concomitant that it was very difficult to colonize sierra Leone, Cuffee rightfully believed that it was a vital option and supported the movement. At the beginning of the nineteenth century Paul started to cooperate with the mentioned African Institution, which was ground in London (Cordeiro, 2004). In U.S. the cheek was very active in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. This all started in March 1807, when members of the institution encouraged him to help them. The main objective was to promote the immigration to sierra Leone, a habituation of Britain in West Africa. Cuffee was among those who recruited African Americans so they can settle there he transported a big amount of families and explored the local economy essay to escort ways of its improving. This was all mainly done for his own silver (A Paul Cuffe Biography).Paul Cuffee wrote in his letters, that he really felt like going to Sierr a Leone, he wanted to retard the situation in the country. He believed that the inhabitants of that settlement were talented people, which, as well as he did, deserved to feel the true light of Christianity and be benefited thereby (Captain Paul Cuffes Logs and Letters). Paul obtained a bill, given by the Committee of the Whole from the Senate and the President of the United States, which gave him a right to leave US with the cargo and come back with a cargo from Sierra Leone. He was nominated by government and had all the privilege to be hard-boiled properly (History of social intercourse).Cuffee canvas all the logistics and the possible return, when finally on December in 1810 he left U.S. for his first voyage to Sierra Leone. He managed to get to the colony on the 1st of March in 1811. He was travelling all over the place to explore the local habits and economy in holy order to find the possibilities to phylogeny. He met the officials there, but they were against of the c olonization idea, as they were afraid of American merchants, because this could create a lot of unfair competition. Moreover, the cargo, which Cuffee intended to trade off, did not sell well as the tariff charges implemented by British trading system were too high.Eventually this did not stop Cuffee and on the 7th of April 1811 he made an appointment with key Black entrepreneurs. An outcome was that a special petition for the African Institution was written, which stated that people in the colony wanted to work in merchanting, whaling industry and agriculture. This indicated that those three areas were the main objective of the future growth and development of the colony. Cuffee together with the black businessmen set the Friendly Society foundation in Sierra Leone. Its main aim was to ensure further prosperity and industry development among all free peoples. Another area to work on was related to breaking the strong merchants trade established there by British. Cuffee unconque rable to go to UK in order to make sure that colony result get further aid.He arrived to Liverpool in July 1811. There he met the officials of the African Institution in London, who collected some funds for the Friendly Society. He also obtained further required governmental license and licenses to continue his missionary post in Sierra Leone. Paul was adroit to come back to the West African colony where he shared the ideas of the Friendly Society with the local merchants. Together they elaborated plans for Sierra Leone to grow by building a saw mill, grist mill, salt works and rice-processing situationory. Later Cuffee was involved with similar venture, which was endorse by Americans and let to creation of the American Colonization Society and colony in Liberia (Cordeiro, 2004). During that period of history the relations between the Great Britain and United States were strained, which led to embargo establishment on British goods in 1811.This had somehow a negative outcome o n Cuffees voyage, as when in April 1812 he reached Newport on his ship, it was usurped by U.S. customs officers along with all its cargo. This case was not being resolved locally, so Paul Cuffee left to Washington, D.C. to point an official appeal to his case. In the White plate he met with the President James Madison and Albert Gallatin, who was a Secretary of the Treasury in that time. Cuffee was cordially welcomed and treated there. Madison was on his side and later ordered to release the goods, based on the information that Cuffee did not know well-nigh the governmental disagreements and did not deliver the goods with the intention to violate any laws. Cuffee shared his observations and experience, which he gained during his trip to Sierra Leone.First the President seemed to be very interest in further expansion of the colony in Africa, but at last he refuses to participate in Cuffees further investigations, as he saw this mission not possible because of too many prob lems and obstacles that U.S. will be facing during further attempts of Sierra Leone colonization. This was all related to the fact that it was initially fully British project. Still Cuffee obtained a legal permission to become an official authority on Africa in the United States. Cuffee had happen intentions to visit Great Britains colony of Sierra Leone on a regular basis, but his plans were interrupted because of the sudden War of 1812, which started in June and was a war between the British Empire and the United States. This prevented Paul from tour the colony for a while.Despite the fact that Cuffee was opposed the war because of his Christian beliefs, he was really against any interruptions that could have been caused by war and resulted as an impact on trading and goods delivery from Sierra Leone. The war continued, so Cuffee took a change to convince U.S and Great Britain to ease restrictions on trading. Unfortunately this was unsuccessful and he waited until the war ended in 1815 (A Paul Cuffe Biography). Meanwhile, Paul remained an active political life and paid a couple of visits to Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York, where he spoke to groups of free African Americans about the colony. He encouraged Blacks to create organizations within their cities, to talk to each other and to have a correspondence with the Friendly Society at Sierra Leone and the African Institution. A special pamphlet with the ideas of Paul Cuffee related to Sierra Leone was printed at that time and distributed to general public.He rebuilt the Westport Friends Meeting House in summer of 1813, which was a meeting house for the multi-racial members of the Society of Friend, where Cuffee spoke and preached on a regular basis on a Sunday meetings. Most of the money for that was coming from Cuffees personal funds. It is important to mention that war impacted Cuffees business and during that year he facial financial crisis. He has a phone number of unprofitable ventures related to ships. One vessel was considered unseaworthy and has never re rancid from Chile. fortunately the war ended and the Treaty of Ghent was signed at the end of 1814. After some time taken to recover, Paul was prepared to go back to Sierra Leone (A Paul Cuffe Biography). The first ship with thirty-eight Blacks shipped from Westport on December 10, 1815. Among the passengers were 18 adults and 20 children (Cordeiro, 2004). The price of organization of that expedition was $5000. Eighty percents of those expenses were covered by Cuffee.The rest was paid by passengers and with the help of donation by William Rotch from Massachusetts. The colonist arrived to the colony with their own place such as hoes, axes, wagon and a plow, but they were not treated as well as it was expected by Cuffee. This was related to the fact that Governor was facing difficulties in keeping the existing population in order, which could have even worsen the situation if more emigrant have arrived. Moreover, the act known as the Militia Act was imposed upon the colony and obliges males to swear of loyalty to the Crown. People had concerns, because it could have been an obligation to go to soldiery service. Despite the negative outcome related to economical benefits and sales, the positive was the fact that colonist have finally settles in Freetown.Cuffee spent lots of money by supporting the new inhabitants with money for the first years provisions. It was planned initially that Cuffee will be reimbursed by the African Institution, but due to heavy tariff duties there was a big famine in the budget. Actually Paul was never given money by the African Institution in Britain. After coming back to ground forces in 1816, Cuffee searched for financial support from New York division of the American Institution and has eventually obtained $439.62 for further investments into Sierra Leones colonists (A Paul Cuffe Biography). Soon in1816, Cuffee proposed a newly-designed emigration plan for Afric an Americans, which was related not only to Sierra Leone but also possibly to Haiti. Provide funds. Congress did not approve the petition to provide funds for that.People all over U.S. have started to show more and more interest in immigration to Africa, believing that it would help to solve the racial problems. Cuffee was trying to find support from other institutions, but some of them were not honest, such as American Colonization Society (ACS) , which was alarmed as a racialist organization. The ideas were supported by many other Americans, but later they turned in favor of emigration to Haiti, where the immigrants were welcomed and supported by the President Boyer Since 1817 Cuffee was not feeling himself well and has never visited Africa again. He died in September of that year surrounded by his family and friends. Cuffee was buried at the Quaker Meeting House near Westport (Cordeiro, 2004).To conclude, it should be mentioned that Cuffee was and is considered one of the gre atest persons in African-American history. He was a first African-American who had a success in implementation of ideas of Blacks. He fought the existing racism of that time with the help of tolerant and Christian methods. Not only he opposed himself, but he also managed to dwell public attention to the current situation with Blacks, which helped people a lot. He was a successful businessman, who could have had just a happy and calm life, but spent his time and effort to explore Sierra Leone, donated his own money to make the life of immigrants there as good as possible and helped in many other ways to people. I think this person is worth to be admired and remembered thought all future generations of the world.ReferencesA Paul Cuffe Biography. (n.d.) SlideShare, Inc. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/rbgstreetscholar1/a-paul-cuffe-biography Paul Cuffee (1759-1817). (2013). Paul Cuffee School. Retrieved from http//www.paulcuffee.org/about/mission-history/paul-cuffee/ Petition for Relief from Taxation. (2013). Abstract. Pearson Education. Retrieved from http//www.infoplease.com/t/hist/cuffe-taxation-petition/ Cordeiro, B.N. (2004). Paul Cuffe A Study of His Life and the spatial relation of His Legacy in Old Dartmouth. Boston, MA University of Massachusetts Boston. Retrieved from http//paulcuffe.home.comcast.net/paulcuffe/Paul_Cuffe_Thesis_by_Brock_Cordeiro.pdf Captain Paul Cuffes Logs and Letters. (n.d.). Estimed froends John James and Alexander Wilson. Westport 6 mo tenth 1809. Paul Cuffee. Retrieved from http//atlanticslaverydebate.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/shared/ASD/Module2/InitialCrrspdnceCuffe1809.pdf History of Congress. (n.d.). A Century of legislation for a New Nation U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 1875. The Library of Congress. Retrieved from http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&filename=027/llac027.db&recNum=221

Girl Number 20

The 19th century witnessed the lay outning of queen Victorias reign, the industrial revolution, existentism as literary movement and possible novels among former(a). When we refer to acceptedistic novels, we be not talking near novels cosmos a globe besides rather we refer to the creation of fictional stories and characters that are rattling much like real life story plenty and smears. In new(prenominal) words, authors wrote their novels to critize social unfairness, poerty, struggles, health issues and so forth, as a way to glitter the truth just as it was, and it any was possible because their stories and characters were believable.Charles Dickens was unity of the closely powerful writers of the measure, his novel awkward Times, as the peace of his works, is vivid spokespersons of what realistic novels would be like. He portrays his judgement towards society in a truly comprehensible and even entertaining way, providing the reader an base of the time and e ra he was living in. Furthermore, he lets readers identify with the situation and characters of the story, reflecting through the narrator his social perspectives of the time.Regarding the novel Hard Times, thither are several(prenominal) issues and characters we could vertex out, such as progress, social limitations, poverty, development, educational patterns of the time, Mr. Bounderby, Mr. Gradgrind, Louisa, Tom, Cecilia Jupe ( nance), Mr. Harthouse, Stephen Blackpool among others. However, the iodine we identified the most with, was young lady Number 20 or Cecilia Jupe ( fairy). with out the whole story, Dickens shows her as an innocent, unprotected an aband adeptd infant, only when at the utter(prenominal) time she becomes 1 of the most important and influential characters of the story.In addition, the author redefines, in a way, the role women had at the time, by large(p) Sissy the power to be herself and the power to do whatever she persuasion was right. In prescri be to present Cecilia Jupe as the heroine of the story, we will hurt to study her background, being it, the cornerstone of the principles she will use for the rest of her life. Having mentioned this, we will begin by referring to the way Dickens gave form to Sissys childhood. A receiveless child, who was raised(a) by her loving and strange baffle. Even though her ather was a sad and a depressed man, Sissy discovered how to entertain him by being more than a daughter, a caring agonist the author showed it in this advert And you were his comfort through everything? She nodded, with the tears wheeling down her face. I hope so, and father verbalise I was. It was because he grew so scared and trembling, and because he felt himself to be a poor, weak, ignorant, preoccupied man (those used to be his words), that he wanted me so much to live on a great deal and be different from him. I used to read to him to cheer his courage, and he was very fond of that. p. 51) This is one of the reasons for us to give Sissy the daringal part in the story, though she made undecomposable gestures, she made her father happy no upshot what situation he was going through. It is easy to get wind Sissys fairytale life, payable to any the elements that surrounded her during her childhood Her mother a dancer, her father a clown, her readings, most of them strange, but nourishing at the same time for both of them, here is one of the moments where she expressed her testimony Your mother? Father assigns she was quite a scholar. She died when I was born.She was Sissy made the awed communication nervously she was a dancer Fathers a Sissy whispered the awful word a clown. To make the sight express emotion? said Louisa, with a nod of intelligence. Yes. yet they wouldnt laugh sometimes, and then father cried I used to read to him to cheer his courage, and he was very fond of that. They were wrong books- I am never to let the cat out of the bag of them here- but we didnt know there was any harm in them. And he liked them? said Louisa, with her searching gaze on Sissy all in all this time. O very much They kept him, many times, from what did him real harm.And often and often of a night, he used to forget all his troubles in wondering whether the Sultan would let the lady go on with the story, or would commit her head cut off before it was finished. (Pp. 50-51) Nevertheless, all the elements shown above were used by Dickens as tools in order for us to understand even more Sissys constitution and character, highlighting her creativity and optimism when facing unwieldy times. Dickens shows us that her creative, rose-colored and attentive attitude was not only present when she was around her father but in addition through out the rest of her life, even so, most people did not see it as a rilliant attitude kind of they labeled her as an uneducated, an abstract and an unintelligent person. However, the author uses this attitude to leaven that life is not only made out of points but also of reality, logic and common sense. This situation is well illustrated in the following reference Girl number twenty, said the gentleman, smiling in the calm expertness of knowledge. Sissy blushed, and stood up. So you would carpet your room- or your husbands room, if you were a grown woman, and had a husband- with representations of flowers, would you, said the gentleman. Why would you? If you please, sir, I am very fond of flowers, retrieveed the girl. And is that why you would put tables and chairs upon them, and have people walking over them with heavy boots? It wouldnt hurt them, sir. They wouldnt crush and wither if you please, sir.They would be the pictures of what was very pretty and pleasant, and I would image- Ay, ay, ay But you mustnt fancy, cried the gentleman, quite shake up by coming so happily to his point. Thats it You are never to fancy. You are not, Cecilia Jupe, Thomas Gradgrind solemnly repeated, to do anythin g of that kind. Fact, detail, fact said the gentleman. And Fact, fact, fact repeated Thomas Gradgrind. You are to be in all things modulate and governed, said the gentleman, by fact. (p. 10) by this lines Dickens was attempt to show how reasonable Sissy was in comparison to other characters, she knew that flowers were just an image that people could delight in and not just a simple definition. In addition, there is another important aspect of Sissys life which we find interesting to note her social awareness. A good example to prove this is the following quote But today, for instance, Mr MChoakumchild was explaining to us about Natural Prosperity. National, I return it must have been, observed Louisa. Yes, it was. But isnt it the same? she timidly asked. You had better say, National, as he said so, returned Louisa, with her dry reserve. National Prosperity. And he said, Now, this schoolroom is a Nation. And in this nation, there are fifty millions of money. Isnt this a gentle nation? Girl number twenty, isnt this a prosperous nation, and ant you in a thriving state? What did you say? asked Louisa. Miss Louisa, I said I didnt know.I thought I couldnt know whether it was a prosperous nation or not, and whether I was in a thriving state or not, unless I knew who had got the money, and whether any of it was mine. But that had nonentity to do with it. It was not in the figures at all, said Sissy, wiping her eyes. (p. 48) Through this quote, Dickens gave us a fantastic explanation of his thoughts on the miserliness of the time through Sissys opinion in other words, he was emphasizing his ideal economical pattern for society everyone having an get even amount of richness in order to be a prosperous nation.One of the remarkable things about Sissy is that throughout the whole story, Dickens presents her as a unique girl with many exceptional traits, for instance, her loyalty and labor towards her fathers return, her compassion and attentive spirit towards the Gradgrind family, her respect for others opinions and the one thing that make her the heroine of the story her outstanding personality. Nevertheless, there are several times when the author mentions that just like any human being, Sissy doubted herself and at the same time wished to be psyche else (Louisa).Dickens expressed it clear on this extract It would be a fine thing to be you, Miss Louisa she said, one night, when Louisa had endeavored to make her perplexities for next day something clearer to her. Do you think so? I should know so much, Miss Louisa. wholly that is difficult to me now, would be so easy then Have I ever so hated you so much? I hope not, for I have always loved you, and have always wished that you should know it. But you changed to me a little, shortly before you left home.Not that I wondered at it. You knew so much, and I knew so little, and it was so natural in many ways, going as you were among other booster amplifiers, that I had nothing to complain of, and was not at all hurt. (Pp. 48, 182-183) At the same time, letting aside her desires to be like someone else, Cecilia did not let such a thing bring her down, instead she stood up and defended her territory and her own, becoming courageous ample to continue and to send away Louisas suitor who stood against everything that was right.The following quote reflects it Mr Harthouse, returned Sissy, with a blending of gentleness and steadiness that quite defeated him, and with a simple confidence in his being bound to do what she required, that held him at a singular disadvantage, the only reparation that remains with you, is to leave here straight and finally. I am quite sure that you can mitigate in no other way the wrong and harm you have done.I am quite sure that it is the only compensation you have left it in your power to make. I do not say that it is much, or that it is enough but it is something, and it is necessary. Therefore, though without any other author ity than I have given you, and even without the knowledge of any other person than yourself and myself, I ask you to depart from this place tonight, under an obligation never to return to it. (Pp. 188-189).Nonetheless, this was not the only an unselfish and brave act she performed the previous attain triggered the beginning of Sissy Jupe as the care-taker and the protector of the Gradgrind family that even the father came to a place where he recognized Cecilias help, not only towards him but also towards his wife and son he finally accepted the fact that without Sissys presence they would have succumbed. In the following quote Dickens proves that at last Girl Number 20, the least expected to have the solution to all of the Gradgrinds problems, became the moral and the metre victor of the story after all. Sissy has effected it, father. He raised his eyes to where she stood, like a good fairy in his house, and said in a tone of softened gratitude and grateful kindness, It is alway s you, my child (p. 222) Lastly, as the story ends our heroine is all we expected her to be, starting by being a great and faithful daughter, a help in time of need for those who surrounded her, and last but not least a good wife, a happy mother and a wonderful friend to her humbler fellow-creatures.But, happy Sissys happy children loving her all children loving her she, grown learned in childish lore thinking no innocent and pretty fancy ever to be despised trying hard to know her humbler fellow-creatures, and to beautify their lives of machinery and reality with those imaginative graces and delights, without which the heart of early childhood will wither up, the sturdiest physical manhood will be morally stark death, and the plainest national prosperity figures can show, will be the write on the Wall,- she holding this course as part of no fantastic vow, or bond, or brotherhood, or sisterhood, or pledge, or covenant, or fancy dress, or fancy fair but simply as a duty to be don e,- did Louisa see these things of herself? (p. 238) As a conclusion, we dare to say that Dickens was the realist novelist far excellence throughout the whole novel he expressed his criticism in a very audible voice, illustrating his thoughts and opinions on several social concerns of his time. Additionally, he created a story and characters that were believable due to their resemblance with the real world he made the reader understand that he was not making the situations up, but he was showing real common life.Nevertheless, it seems as if Dickens broke the pattern with Cecilia Jupe, when giving her the heroic part of the story and at the same time made her as an example of genuineness, boldness and bravery, even when her humble background, her eccentric education and all those things made her the contrary of what a Victorian Lady should be like. All situations she went through were against the idea of her being the heroine of the story, but ironically, Dickens chose her as if ta king her from another world and inserting her into Victorian times, in order to make his point clear, which was the role of the woman in a society like his. References Dickens, C. (1854). Hard Times. London, England Editorial Matter.

Childrens Day Essay

In India, Childrens sidereal solar sidereal solar day is storeyed on the 14th November every year. As a tri exclusivelye Childrens solar day is watch overd on the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehrus birthday. Lovingly c every(prenominal)ed Chacha Nehru which means Uncle Nehru by the kids, Jawaharlal Nehru gave emphasis to the significance of giving come and affection to kidren, who atomic number 18 the bright future of India. The main purpose of this day is to encourage the welfare of barbarianren all over the country. The first ever Childrens day was celebrated in 1954. The idea of a universal Childrens daylight was suggested by Mr. V.K. Krishna Menon and it adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. At first it was celebrated universally in the month of October. After 1959, November twentieth was chosen as Childrens day as it marked the anniversary day when the Declaration of the Child Rights was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly. In 1989 the Conve ntion on the Rights of the Child was also signed on the aforesaid(prenominal) date. However, in India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehrus birthday was declared as Childrens Day and is celebrated annually to cherish his love and attachment for children.Children are the like precious gems. Understand the significance of childrens day which is celebrated on 14th November in India. Children are adorable. They are like divine gifts that parents countenance from the almighty. Their eyes are full of innocence. They smile when they receive love and admiration, they call option when it is their first day at school away from their parents, they giggle when they amalgamate with their buddies, and they signify nothing but the pure and faithful love. They truly be god. 14th November is celebrated as childrens day in all over India. 14th November is also the birthday of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime look of independent India. Childhood memories are sweetest of all. They can be savored for a lifetime. Childrens day celebration is fun for the little champions but it is important for the parents too. each parent must understand the importance of the childrens day. Parents should be swell up aware virtually the little desires of their angels. Chacha Nehrus love for children Do you realize why Pandit Jawaharlal Nehrus birthday is celebrated as the childrens day? Pandit Nehru was a great leader. He worked passionately for the welfare of children and youngsters soon by and by independence. He was keen ab surface welfare, education, and development of children in India.He was sore of children and thus became popular as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru) among his little admirers. Nehru was very particular approximately the progress of the Indian youth. He wanted to create responsible citizens out of young boys and girls. Under his regime he established several educational institutions including All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Technology, and Indian Institutes of Management. He include and highlighted the point in his five years plan that every child in India would put free and compulsory primary education. Over thousands of schools were built through out the villages of India when Nehru was in power. He also brought the scheme to communicate free meals and milk to school children in India to prevent malnutrition. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru himself was destinys child. He struggled a lot for the welfare of India. It is believed that he admired devil things a lot, red roses and children. His love and passion towards children is the reason why we celebrate Childrens Day on his birthday. Why do we celebrate Childrens Day? Childrens Day celebration is the tribute to puerility.John Kennedy, thirty-fifth US president has quoted it rightly, Children are the worlds most invaluable resource and its best hope for the future. We cannot hide the fact that many children in India are not getting basic privileges like education. Many children are earning money instead of playing with toys. The true essence of childrens day is to understand the significance of childhood in our lives. The values and disciplines learned as a child are responsible for the kind of adulthood one has. Thus childhood is spare and should be celebrated. Childrens Day is to instigate all young and adults about childrens right to enjoy their childhood without any boundaries and to be educated adult in the future. Childrens Day is to revise the right methods of raising children. Childrens Day Celebration twentieth November is Universal Childrens Day. In India lots fun activities and programs are nonionised on the childrens day. Childrens Day is called as Bal Divas in Hindi.On this particular day government, NGOs (non government organisations), schools, and few private bodies conduct competitions and events for children. confused cultural programs are organized through out the schools. Special television set programs for children are br oadcasted on 14th November. Parents too are eager about childrens day. Some parents buy gifts for their sons and daughters. Some parents give greeting cards to their children to express their wishes on this special day. As parents we should not let this day pass as other ordinary day. It is our duty to make childrens day special for our child. You may take your child to visit some NGO or childrens home on this day. You can reap some precious values in him though generous acts. Your child can give away some of his belongings to other deplorable children. In such a way he will get to know the real significance of this day. Make every 14th November special for your child. After all, Children will not remember you for the material things you provide them but for the feeling that you cherished them.

Refractive Indices of Water And Turpentine Oil Essay

To go back Refractive Indices of Water And Turpentine fossil oil color using a tack mirror, a equi lentiform crystalline crystalline lens systeme (made from a candy of known refractive index) and an adaptable object needleAPPARATUSA gibbous lens, an optical needle, a cream mirror, a clamp stand, a spherometer, a plummet line, metre scale, water system and turpentineoil Theroy allows add dispirited amount of water on a flat, plane aerofoil and place a convex lens oer it. This forms a plano-concave lens of water amid the lower surface of convex lens and plane mirror. Let f 1 and f 2 are the central spaces of water lens and convex lens respectively, accordingly focal continuance of the combination isThe focal length of the plano-concave lens is, (i)From lens system Makers formula,=( R 1 = R and R 2 = for water lens.The refractive index of water is , (ii)(where R is the radius of breaking ball of the concave surfaces of the plano-concave lens). The Radius of curvat ure of the lens, is (iii)PROCEDURE For finding the focal length of convex lens streak the rough focal length of the convex lens. Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on it above the naiant base of a clamp stand horizontally as its backsheesh lies vertically above the optical centre of the lens. countersink the needle at a height a little more(prenominal) than the rough focal length of the convex lens. Try to remove the parallax between the eyeshade of the object needle and its image solicit. pit the quad of the tip of the needle from the centre of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x 1. (Use plumb line). Remove the convex lens and measure the distance of the tip of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it be x 2 . (Use plumb line). 2 (vi) Repeat and record all the observations. For finding the focal length of the plano-concave lens Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place the convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done above .Repeat the procedure with turpentine oil also. For finding l hear the pitch and least count of scale of the spherometer. Place the spherometer on the dry surface of the convex lens. Turn the screw downwards very softly till the tip of the screw just touches the lens. Read and record the reading. honour the spherometers legs on the base of a paper and adjusting the central screw, find the pricks A, B and C of the three legs of the spherometer. Join the centres of the three pricks and measure the lengths with the half-metre scale. Note the values of AB, BC and ACConclusionPitch of the spherometer= 1 cmLeast count of the spherometer = 0.01 cmDistance between the legs AB = 3 cm BC = 3 cmCA = 3 cmS.NoInitial reading of the C.S. on the convex lens(a)No. of fat rotations(n)Final reading of the c.s on the glass slabAdditional C.S div. movedh=n x pitch + m x L.CMean h16206.555.50.5550.577526404600.6Aim is to find the refractive index of a) water, b) coconut oil using a plane mirror, and an equiconvex lens made of glass and an adjustable object needle. The theory behind eloquent lens is based on the properties of one or more perspicuouss to create magnifications within a small amount of space.The focus of a bland lens is controlled by the surface of the facile .Water normally forms a bubble shape when adhered to materials such as glass.This desirable property makes water a very suitable prognosis for the production of liquid lens.Essentially the liquid must be transparent so as to study its effects. To generate a liquid lens , a liquid is sandwiched between two pieces of a clear plastic or a glass. Oil (necessarily transparent) can also be chosen to be intaked as a roving in a liquid lens system. The surface profiles of the liquid determines the focal length of liquid lens system and how the liquid lens focusses light rays.TheoryIn optics, refractive index or index of refraction n of a shopping mall (optical medium) is a dimensionless number that describes how light or any radiation propagates with that medium.It is defined as n = c/vwhere c is the hasten of light in vaccum and v is the speed of light in a substance. Eg n of water is 1.33, which means, light travels 1.33 times as fast in vaccum as it does in water. The historically first occurance of refractive index was in Snells law of refraction. ie are the angles of incidence of the ray go through the interface between 2 medias with refractive indeces n_1 and n_2. In this project, we shall make use of the property of liquid lens to find the refractive index of water and coconut oil.RequirementsA convex lens, plane mirror, water, coconut oil, an optical needle, an straighten out stand with base and clamp arrangement, a meter scale etc. operation Finding the focal length of convex lens- Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optic centre of the lens. Adjust the needl e at a height a little more than the rough focal length of the convex lens. Bring the tip of the needle, at the vertical drumhead axis of the lens, so that the tip of the needle appears touching the tip of its image. live the needle up and down to remove the parallax between tips of needle and its image. Measure the distance between tip of the needle and upper surface of the lens by using a meter scale. Let it be (x1 ). once more measure the distance between tip and upper surface of the plane mirror. Let it be x2 Finding the focal length of the combination channelize a few drops of the given transparent liquid and place it on the surface of plane mirror. The convex lens is placed over it as before. (A plano concave lens is formed between plane mirror and convex lens). Repeat the steps (ii) to (v) Record the observations. To find the radius of curvature of the liquid lens. (R of convex lens surface in contact). The convex lens is morose towards a ancestry such that, the required surface is away from the source the distance is to adjusted that the image is, formed on the side of the source. The distance d between the source and the lens is measured.The radius of curvature R of the lens is given byFinally the refractive index of liquid lens is given by.n = 1+ R/f2Result The observations of the try out is tabulated as followsPrecautions The parallax must be removed tip to tip in good order. The lens and plane mirror should be abstemioused thouroughly. The liquid taken should be essentially transparent.Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that the liquid lens layer is not thickSources of error Liquid may not be quite transparent The parallax any not be fully removed The needle may not be properly horizontalThe distance x1 and x2 may not be essentially cleanThe experiment described in this project is an effective and simple system of measuring the refractive index of any liquid (transparent) using a convex lens and plane mirror. If we keep the mirr or behind a lens and put an object at the focus point of the lens above it, the image of the object will form at the like focus point where the object is. If it is an extended object, its image will be inverted and the size of image is same as that of the object. This property has enabled the effectual use of liquid lens to find the refractive index of a fluid by this method. If a liquid is sandwiched between the lens and the mirror, the focal length of liquid lens can be calculated subtile the focal length of the combination and that of the convex lens, from which the refractive index of the fluid can easily be estimated.

Promoting Indigenous Family Health Essay

It is a cognize fact that uncreated and Torres hearty island-dweller populations dont conk out as long as their western counterparts as shown by AMA wellness Report plank (2011). Closing the Gap (Calma 2008) is a campaign aimed at a national attempt to accompaniment and bring equity in wellness to our indigene and Torres dead on target Islander communities. In rate to be successful in this we must identify the key issues causing this unfairness and through public aw beness and government campaigns such as death the bed covering, we become closer to our goal of aborigine and Torres neat Islanders scope a full and greater life expectancy.wellness reform initiatives be use to promote wellness circumspection indoors their communities and encourage central and Torres Straight Islanders to be educated about their own health. As a nurse, in order to swear out in this process, an understanding of family centred health fretfulness and the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander apprehensionion of family must be utilized. With these deuce nursing skills, the local anesthetic health initiatives and government campaigns, we are providing the outgo opportunity and support for Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities to take ascendency of their health and at long last close the hoo-hah.Key issues contributing to the gap in health and life expectancy, as identify by AMA (2011), admit miserable income, limited education, low levels of employment, poor housing, affordability of health business concern, geographical find to health accusation and the acceptability of the health care practice to Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities. Illawarra Aboriginal Medical Service (2013) is a local health reform initiative for Aboriginals and Torres straight Islanders that provides a heathenly batten down environment where they roll in the hay access health care due to its geographical location, affordability and to the highest degreely acceptability.Illawarra Aboriginal Medical Service (IAMS 2013) has deuce centers at heart the Illawarra making it geographically accessible. The center is entirely aimed towards the wagerer health of Aboriginals and Torres Straight Islanders, ensuring all health care is affordable and providing as much supporter and support where it may be needed to help these communities improve their health. The chief(pre noinal)(prenominal) key issue identified by AMA (2011) that is hooked within the IAMS (2013), is the acceptability.The two medical centers are entirely outdoor staged on the care disposed to the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities, making them specialized and aware of cultural beliefs, customs and the correct communion techniques. The Illawarra Aboriginal Medical work excessively employ Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander members of the confederacy as their supply providing a culturally secure environment and a greater concept of family centred care and the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander concept of family within their approach.The AMA (2011) states that innate health workers are signifi nominatet in facilitating the journey of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders to better health. This overly provides opportunities to the innate communities to gain employment, contributing to the resolution for issues of low income and low levels of employment, as identified in the AMA Report Card (2011). Centers such as these provide Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander families a culturally secure, accessible and affordable method to be enured for their health issues in a more comfortable surrounding.On a larger scale the part of Health and Ageing run by the Australian political sympathies have many programs and health reform initiates in place to assist in closing the gap as identified by Calma (2008). agent three of the autochthonic Early barbarianhood Development National fusion Annual Report (2011) have a goal of increasing the supply of maternal and child health services of endemic children and their mothers. To achieve this, the Child and Maternal Health Services component of their program includes $90. 3million to be used for New Directions Mothers and Babies Services (Department of Health and Ageing 2011).This initiative increases access for innate mothers and their children to antenatal and postnatal care, education and assistance with breastfeeding, nutrition and parenting, observe of immunization status and infections, health checks and referrals for Indigenous children before starting school and monitoring developmental milestones. This initiative provides Indigenous communities with access to health care that promotes better health in the new generation of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Australians, designed to assist with closing the gap by raising a new generation with fewer health issues.With this, we are able to address key issues identified by AMA ( 2011). The primary(prenominal) key issue address by this initiative is access. Consultations are held with Aboriginal Health Forums to assist in the identification of priority areas for child and maternal health services. In their yearbook report, the Department of health and Ageing (2011) state that this ensures that access is inclined those most in need considering, geographic location, affordability and acceptance. The second key issue identified in the AMA Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Health Report Card (2011) addressed by this initiative is education.The funding provided builds a solid base for providing much needed education to mothers about their babies and already existing children. In order for a program such as this to be successful, health professionals allocated to educating Aboriginals and Torres Straight islanders must be equipped and prepared to deal with the problems face by cultural barriers as well as existence experienced in a family centred care a pproach (Taylor & Guerin 2010). Family centred nursing care is an important factor in the health outcome of any given tolerant role (Bamm & Rosenbaum 2008).They also claim that there is no exact definition of family, instead, the meaning of family and their level of involvement in care provided, is decided by the patient themselves. The core concepts of successful family centred care are take none and dignity, information sharing, participation, and collaboration (IFPCC 2013). These principles are the main constituents of effective family centred health care, and ultimately better health outcomes for the patient themselves (Mitchell, Chaboyer & Foster 2007). These concepts can be utilized, with a correct nursing approach, regardless of age, gender or cultural differences.To provide the best family centred care to Indigenous Australians, nurses must utilize the main concepts above, but also have an understanding of the Indigenous concept of family. The Aboriginal and To rres Straight Islander population have strong family values, however, it differs from the usual nuclear concept of family in common western society. Their family has an extended structure, and in order to provide adequate family centred care, this concept must be understood by health professionals on all levels, including nurses (NSW Department of lodge Services 2009).This concept of extended family and their Indigenous community as their family means that children are not only the concern of their biological parents, but the entire community. Care of the children in indigenous communities is the responsibility of everyone. Family members can be blood-related, through marriage or through their community, such as elders. It is normal for a combination of mothers, fathers, uncles, aunties, cousins, brothers, sisters or elders to be involved into the care of the individual and these figures must be treated as their direct family even if not directly blood-related (NSW Department of Co mmunity Servies 2009).In order to provide family centred care, to not only Indigenous but also all patients, a therapeutic dealinghip and al-Qaida of trust should be developed (Baas 2012). The principles of family centred care should also be incorporated, oddly respect of the Indigenous farming and maintaining their dignity. Respect and dignity, combined with trust and a therapeutic relationship within the Indigenous community, information sharing, participation and collaboration should follow once enough trust has been developed.To gain the trust of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander patients and their family, firstly an understanding of their culture should be pertained. When needed, to be aware of such customs as custodys and Womens business, and to respect these practices within your care (Tantiprasut and Crawford 2003). This shows the patient and their family members, you respect them and their culture. Introducing yourself in a friendly and polite style, including a ll family members leave and always respecting cultural values is key to receiving respect back and maturation trust.Ac companionship and actively listen to the needs of the Indigenous people and also their community in a culturally appropriate manner. As set forth in the practice resource for working with Indigenous communities published by DOCS (2009) showing respect for their elders and community leaders and involving them in important finding making processes will also show that you respect them, their culture and that they can trust you and eventually your advice regarding health issues.In order to successfully be accepted by the community, communication techniques need to be specialized to invalidate offending any members of the family or misinterpreting their language. Gaining a basic knowledge of their community will assist in understanding the dominant family groups, language groups and preferred names. This ensures you dont step out of your boundaries and remain respe ctful in your approach to their care. Including or consulting with Aboriginal health care workers regarding communication and Aboriginal-English would be beneficial to adequately understand their method of communication.Understanding non-verbal methods of communication and being aware of your own non-verbal communication is highly appropriate when consulting with Indigenous communities. continuously speaking with respect, clearly, and avoiding jargon will deliver the best results when building a relationship within the tribes (NSW Department of Community Services 2009). Remaining rude minded when consulting with Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities in aspects of communication and family relations will avoid incorrect assumptions. It is also high important to profligacy an active role within the community and their events.According to NSW Department of Community Services (2009) within Indigenous communities word of mouth is a healthy tool, once an outsider is known as someone who listens actively and can be trusted, the community will be eager to work collaboratively and enrol in your health approach (NSW Department of Community Services 2009). When the principles of family centred care trust, dignity, collaboration and participation, have all been achieved and a therapeutic relationship within the community has developed, the community will listen to your health advice.When introducing a health concept to the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander families it is important to engage them actively into your care (NSW Department of Community Services 2008). Using appropriate communication techniques to explain health issues and the reasons they need to be addressed provides them with education and knowledge regarding why interventions need to be implemented. Allowing them to discuss their options and decide as a community is also important, forcing them to uptake medical help could be seen as disrespectful.Allowing time to answer all question s and concerns from various members of the family in a manner they can understand identifies that you are actively listening and honestly touch for their health. Demaio and Dysdale 2012 show that continuity of involvement in their community, and providing a continuous support network will only further build their trust in your advice. The gap in health and life expectancy between Indigenous Australians and westernised Australians is a concerning issue within the country (Calma 2008).Health reform initiatives are funded by the government and local organisations to provide accessible, affordable and culturally honorable health care to our Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities. These initiatives are designed to address the key issues identified in the AMA Report Card (2011) regarding barriers to health care. Approaching Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander family communities utilizing the family health care principles and with a knowledge of their concept of communit y family and understanding of their culture increases positive outcomes in their health education and furthermore assisting to close the gap.References Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Corporation 2013, Ilawarra Aboriginal Medical Service, viewed 27 April 2013 www. illawarraams. com. au Australian Medical Association 2011, Best practice in autochthonic health care for Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders, viewed 28 April 2013 http//ama. com. au/aboriginal-reportcard2010-11 Baas, L 2012, Patient and family centred care, Heart and Lung, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 534-535. Bamm, E, Rosenbaum, P 2008, Family centred theory origins, development, barriers and supports to writ of execution in rehabilitation medicine, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, vol.89, no. 8, pp. 1618-1624. Calma, T, 2008, Closing the Gap Campaign for Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander health inequality by 2030, Australian Government, Canberra. Demaio, A, Drysdale, M 2012, Appropriate healt h advancement for Australian Aboriginal and torres straight islander communities crucial for closing the gap, Global Health Promotion, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 58-62. Department of Health and Ageing 2011, Indigenous Early Childhood Development National Partnership Annual Report, viewed 28 April 2013 http//www. health. gov. au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1D00A20690DD46EFCA2579860081EEE4/$File/NewDirectionsMothersandBabiesServices-AnnualReport2010-11. pdf IPFCC 2013, Institute for patient and family centred care, viewed 28 April 2013 www. ipfcc. org. au Mitchell, M, Chaboyer, W, Foster, M 2007, Positive effects of a nursing intervention on family-centred care in adult critical care, American Journal of Critical Nursing, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 543-552. NSW Deparment of Community Services 2008, Brighter futures engage with aboriginal children and families, viewed 28 April 2013 http//www.community. nsw. gov. au/docswr/_assets/main/documents/brighterfutures_enagaging_aboriginal. pdf NS W Department of Community Services 2009, Working with aboriginal communities a practice resource, viewed 28 April 2013 http//www. community. nsw. gov. au/docswr/_assets/main/documents/working_with_aboriginal. pdf Tantiprasut, L, Crawford, J 2003, Australian Aboriginal Culture, R. I. C Publications, Sydney. Taylor, K, Guerin, P 2010, Health care and Indigenous Australians cultural safety in practice, Palgrave Macmillan, South Yarra.

Genetically modified food †Allergy Essay

Genetic exclusivelyy modified foods are comely more and more used in our community. But, they are non as true(p) as mountain presume them to be. Genetically modified foods locoweed cause a big conundrum in the world, even if it weed produce large quantities of foods, it is found that it merchant ship cause an allergy to authorized foods, mevery scientists had voted to eject them and there not always labeled that its a GMO. Therefore, they should be abolished indoors the world. To start off, the fact that there is a chemic that is produced that can cause allergic reactions to some(prenominal)(a) spate.The scientist had stated that the chemic is safe to use But the biotech companies and the Environmental Protection Agencywhich regulates go down produced pesticidestell us not to worry. They contend that the pesticide called Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is produced naturally from a colly bacterium and has a history of safe use. (Smith). The counter argument was verifica tion that this chemical is actually not safe to use, it can make a person sicker than presumed.Jeffery Smith stated Repeated exposure via inhalation can result in sensitization and allergic response in hypersensitive individuals. So much for the contention that Bt does not interact with military personnels. (Smith). I constitute been allergic to onions since I was twelve years old, this could be caused by the chemical Bt. If the Scientists saying that is drug is harmless theyre wrong because its been proven that this chemical can cause an increase in allergies. Therefore, maybe if we had all natural food growths than maybe I could eat onions now. That is why GMOs should be abolished.There are so many GMOs that are not even labeled as that how people ever know what their feeding if its not labeled. Its the people have a full to know whats going in there body. Without sharing that randomness its bad for the people to trust anything that is not farmers. Granted some people dont ca re, but there are people who do. In an article by Peter Sand he states Hence, in CCFL sessions since 1997,57 the EU and other food importers such as Norway consistently argued that the declare primary purpose of their GM food labeling regulations is not a wellness risk warning, but information to enable consumers to exercise their emancipation of choice. (Sand)Its not that the food is completely unsafe that is the problem of not grave them that its genetically modified, the problem is that its breaking some freedom laws. If a person doesnt knows about anything how they can make any decision about it. And my final point is that even scientist in some countries signed a petition to ban GMOs from their inelegant. A letter was presented at the World Trade Organization conference in Seattle in 1999.Ed Ayres stated that The letter expresses extreme concern about the hazards of GMOs to biodiversity, food prophylactic, and human and animal health, and recommends a global moratorium on environmental releases of GMOs in concord with the precautionary principle (Ayres). So even some scientists would like to ban GMOs, How can that make any sense if all GMOs are safe why do scientists want to ban them. When many people whom assign in that field dont want it in the country why should any average citizen of any country.It should be abolished if even the people creating it say it should be banned. Not to mention they want to ban it for the safety of people and animals. In conclusion, genetically modified foods cause an increasing problem with the allergy rate increasing, scientist wanting to ban them, and not even telling anyone that they are genetically modified. This could lead to a bigger problem with in the world and it should be stopped now. Genetically modified foods should be abolished within the world.

Pursuasive Policy

To persuade my audience that the fight against push around begins at home. primal Problem Statement Due to the increase in deterrence in schools, thither is a need to prohibit bullying and create a safe and educational environment. INTRODUCTION Attention Step (Pathos) l. Bullies. Dictionary. Com defines bullies as a blustering, quarrelsome, overbearing person who habitually badgers and intimidates smaller or weaker people.I will straight off shargon a true story with you and I want you to reckon to ourselves If this story poses as the definition. A few years ago, on the level of September 9th, 2010, a boy of Greensboro named truncheon Lucas committed suicide by lighting. Earlier that day Billy had been suspended from school for cursing at the bullies that were harassing with gay discourse. Channel 8 news reports that a day onward Billy committed suicide that his sister told a good fellow of Bills that He had a chair pulled out from underneath him and was told to go hang hims elf. Later that evening that Is Just what he did. Reveal the Topic II. there are a few absolution policies that are set In the school systems that prevent bulling from occurring, only to limit it. Relevancy ( discussion) Ill. Most schools sanely much pay the akin insurance policy with in their school system, which is called the Anti-Bully Policy. This policy basically enounces that any student or employee will not be abused psychologically or physically. Credibility I have had own(prenominal) V. Experience with this as my peer was a victim In a bullying case.Unfortunately for him, he awaited the same fate as Billy as he committed suicide after being pushed to the edge. prevue For the next few minutes, I will share about the frequency at which bullying occurs without interference not only in the deposit of Indiana but the entire country. I will also state the obvious by saying the policies set in now are ineffective and new policies with new strategic plans need to be unco ver in order to save lives. BODY Need Step (Claim) l. Bystanders dont fetch the necessary actions to prevent bullying from proceeding In schools.Assertion 1 intimidation Is a concerning issue that happens everyday, whether it is reported or not, it happens. exhibit Logos A. fit in to a study done by the Response Ability Act, 86% of children have witnessed bullying at least once (RAP Project) Evidence Logos B. In 2008, there was a study done responsibility here in Indiana that showed how bullying cases led to suicides. From the ages 10-19 there were an astonishing 1,819 suicides relating to bullying In school, which means there are way too many a(prenominal) people not doing anything about It. Evidence Pathos C.As I have already stated, before I moved here, I had a friend that would constantly be bullied and even while I was around, which made me he bystander. This went on for some time until I saw on the news that my friend had committed suicide. It broke my heart because I wa s just as guilty as the bully for not doing anything to stand up for what was right and I have regretted not taking action ever since. variety straightaway tattoo know some statistics and my own personal allow Like me, in my story, many bystanders lack courage to step into the postal service Evidence Pathos A.Imagine you are the victim in a bullying situation such as the one I previously stated. I mean you are in the midst of a bully absorb to ingle as much pain as possible into you. You look up and see your classmates laughing and making fun of you, yet you see your trounce friend Just watching. Evidence Ethos B. Now lets switch roles for a bit, youre the bystander or the best friend Just watching this take place. Why dont you do anything? Why dont you stick up for your friend? Well according to Recount. Com, the natural bystander doesnt get involved for various reasons.But the most common reasons are none of their business, They will play along a target, and It will lay o ut them an unwanted stigma, such as a tattle tale. (Recount. Com) Evidence Logos C. The U. S. De dissolvement of Justice shows the between the years of 1999 and 2003 there had been a 2. 1% increase in bullying cases. So we bystanders have to kick downstairs this trend. Transition Now that you know that not only bullying is a problem but also the bystander that does nothing is a problem, let me exempt how we can offer help and or implement policies to eliminate these problems. rapture Step II.Spending the appropriate time with the kids at mom teaching the fix morals and values will put an end to bullying in schools. A. Psychometric. Com states that the best and most obvious way to stop bullying in schools is for parents to change the way they parent their children at home. A. Good kids who dont get in trouble or start any trouble typically catch love from households in which these morals and values are presented to them almost daily. B. Bullies usually come from families who fi ght a lot which is seen as the acceptable behavior and is tell in school. B.However my audience here is probably brothers and sisters ND maybe aunts and uncles. A. The same principles really apply, your apart of the family too so you should have a part too. C. So in order to summarize this up, Im not asking for bullion or donations, Im not asking for you to sign a petition, I am Just asking you to spend time with the kids in your household and to make sure you know that they know what is right and how to handle these situations if they were to occur. Transition Now that you know the root of the problem of bullying, I want to show you a video that puts everything into perspective.

Organic Food Industry Analysis Essay

The perfect increases manufacture has shown consistent growth over the resist 25 old age, maturation 3,400% (Flynn, 2014). The original industry earned $35 billion in 2014 up from $1 billion in 1990 (Flynn, 2014). Credited with being the primary commercialize ferocity drivers, regimen sentry go and health concerns have been driving the industry since the end of the 2009 recession. This research paper examines the innate products industry and identifies how give and hire affects future prices of thorough products. ORGANIC application outline 3 innate Industry Analysis This paper provides a succinct passel summary of the radical fertilizer forage and product industry.The paper provides background and description of the fundamental fertiliser product market. The paper examines U. S. and globose market trends of the essential regimen and product industry by examining guide and supply for primitive products. This paper identifies identify encase store reta ilers and describes their roles in driving the organic provender industry. Analyzing motley studies from the USDA and its Economic Research Section (ERS) identified the driving market forces behind the popularity of the organic nutritions and products, which atomic number 18 the improvement of health and reduction of pesticides from unmarried diets.The purpose of this paper is to identify market trends and the driving forces behind the global organic nutrient and product market. The driving forces behind the organic intellectual nourishment market atomic number 18 health conscious millennials and new mothers who want to prune chemicals from their diet. Background and Description The term organic has been the topic of controversy for academics and line of credit leaders since the 1940s. The controversy involves several(prenominal) sub-topics such as wish of outside(a) standards for organics, cross contamination of organic products during transport, genetically modified o rganisms (GMO), chemicals and pesticides, and costs to establish organic goods.The definition of organic is made or big without the drug ab utilise of artificial chemicals ( essential, 2015). The premise of organic food is not new however, the cosmea of national standards has objectively standardized what may be considered an organic product. As the global population grows, the prerequisite for food has caused farmers to increase efficacy and tailor crop waste however, the methodology utilized to preserve crops may be more of a detriment to human health resulting in the senior high school submit for uncontaminated food sources and products.ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 4 Demand The organic food market was supply driven for umpteen years however, demand now drives the organic market (Dimitri & Oberholtzer, 2009, p. 10). The demand for organic products is increasing every year as people use marginal analysis to dearify the higher(prenominal) expense for organic products Do th e benefits out weight the costs? Consumer suspect in conventional food producers, who add harmful dyes, trans-fats, and high fructose corn syrups to products, is another variant driving the organics market.Environmentalists are also another market force mechanics contri thating to the demand for organic products because organic farming reduces environmental pollution. The emersion of organic food is directly linked to an amalgam of food safety and health concerns, which directly relate to ingestion of chemicals used to grow, treat, and preserve foods.The organic food industry has shown consistent global growth over the last two decades and is projected to continue to grow until 2018 (Research and markets adds herald United States organic food market report 2013-2018, 2014). The organic food market has grown 3,400 % in the last 25 years (Flynn, 2014).Organics are divided into several categories such as, fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat, and packaged organic products. In 2014 ye arly organic food gross sales, mainly fruits and vegetables, reached $35 billion, $290 billion if packaged products are included, up from $1 billion in 1990s (Flynn, 2014). The United States and Europe have the highest demand for organic products compared to other nations (Lohr, n. d. p. 68). Identifying potence organic product consumers is a challenge, but some market research has shown consumers who choose to purchase organic products are generally well educated, millennials, higher income families, and households with children (Dimitri & Oberholtzer, 2009, ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 5 p. 4-5).The United States consumes approximately 44% of the global organics market followed by Europe at 41% (Aggarwal, 2014 p. 3). The remaining countries that contribute to the consumption and exportation of organic foods may have difficulty in exporting goods delinquent(p) to individual national standards and export acts (Aggarwal, 2014 p. 3). Demand for organic products is not primaeval to one part of the world many countries and cultures realize the importance of down foods free of harmful chemicals. go forth Demand has grown for organic products however, in that respect is a shortfall of organic farming land, which may negatively impress supply. The organic industry is constrained by its supply chain there are only so many farms to produce organic goods and organic goods can only be shipped so far. According to the 2012 U. S. Census of Agriculture, there are now around 17,000 organic farms in the U. S. out of an estimated 2. 1 million total farms acreage used for organic agriculture accounts for just 0. 6 percent of all U. S. farmland, while organic food sales make up over 4 percent of the total annual food sales.(Young, 2014) The organic farm shortage is an important variable to the organic industry because consumers who tend to purchase organic products generally want to computer backup local farmers in a grass roots type of question excluding climate spec ific food such as, bananas, coffee, limes, and pineapples (Greene, 2013). Contributing to the supply shortage in the United States are strict national standards set in place by the USDA and strict requirements for probable farmers looking to passing into the organic industry.Also contributing to the shortage in organic food and ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 products are large box retail stores, such as Whole viands Markets, Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Target. Wal-Mart is the United States largest grocer and is competing for organic goods to remain competitive against its competitors, such as Target, which has made agreements with organic producers to supply products for its stores (Hopkinson, 2014). Partnering with organic companies, large retail box stores have created their own brands of organic products to reduce costs associated with providing customers a wide range of product choice. value Changes Due to Supply and DemandHistorically, organic food is more expensive than conventional food (Dimitri & Oberholtzer, 2009, p. 5). Organic food prices come with a premium out-of-pocket to costs involved in growing and proceeds crops. Prices are set through the suppliers because the organic standards restrict the certification of potential farmers. The certification process slows down potential farmers entering the industry, which reduces the number of producers lendable to farm the produce and make products. The reduction in organic products acquirable reduces supply and increases demand.Market shelf placements of organic foods are fetching premiums and farmers are realizing the advantages of entering the market. As demand rises for organic products, the current producers are not able to sustain sufficient crop yield compared to industry growth. In any competitive market, when demand rises so does opportunity.Due to the premium prices associated with producing products in the organic industry, many farmers may potentially conform to industry standards and transf igure their farms. The potential for commercial organic farms may also increase due to the incontestable growth of the industry. As more competition enters the organic industry, prices get out drop.Large retail box stores, such as Whole Food Markets, Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Target may also have a significant fix on the price of organic ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 7 foods and products. Wal-Marts expansion into the organic market has the capability to reduce organic food prices alone due to the numbers of stores across the nation. In conclusion, the undeniable growth in the organic industry is a product of consumer mistrust of conventional growers, mainly due to toxic chemicals used in the production of food.The growth of the organic food industry is directly related to food safety and health conscious consumers who do not mind outlay more money to consume uncontaminated products. Consumer demand has been the driving force of much of the organic industry since the end of the recession in 2009.The high consumer demand for organic food is part of an initiative from well-educated people, millennials, higher income families, and households with children, resulting in a 3,400% in the last 25 years creating a $35 billion industry (Flynn, 2014). With the high demand for organic goods, suppliers are unable to maintain sustainable level operations due to lack of organic farmland.Many of the problems associated with the organic food industry are concentrate on on strict certifications that are necessary to maintain product single the stringent certifications are creating supply shortages. The strict organic standards hinder potential farmers from entering into the organic industry. For example, farmers must be pesticide free for at least(prenominal) three years before being certified to produce organic food. Large retail box stores are recognizing the growth of the organic food industry and are currently adding more products annually, but even so, demand exceeds supplie s.As the organic food industry continues to grow, prices for organic goods should reduce due to the increased competition in the market. ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 8.References Aggarwal, P. (2014). Supply chain management of locally grown organic food A leap toward sustainable development. Retrieved from http//www. cognizant. com/InsightsWhitepapers/Supply-Chain-Management-of-Locally- grown-Organic-Food-A-Leap-Toward-Sustainable-Development-codex928. pd Dimitri, C. , & Oberholtzer, L. (2009).Marketing U. S. organic foods recent trends from farms to consumers. USDA, Economic Research Service, (58). Retrieved from http//www. ers. usda.gov/media/185272/eib58_1_. pdf Flynn, D. (2014). Report Organic industry achieved 25 years of fast growth through fear and deception, Food Safety News. Retrieved from, http//www. foodsafetynews. com/2014/04/report-fast-growing-organics-industry-is- intentionally-deceptive/. VL0ILWd0xjo Greene, C. (2013). developing patterns in the U. S. organic indust ry. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1518534011? accountid=35796 Hopkinson, J. (2014). Will Wal-Mart gobble up organic food supply? Retrieved from http//www. politico. com/story/2014/04/walmart-organic-food-105631. html Lohr, L. (n.d. ). Factors affecting international demand and trade in organic food products. USDA, Economic Research Service. Retrieved from http//www. ers. usda. gov/media/293617/wrs011j_1_. pdf ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 9 Organic. (2015).In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/organic Research and markets adds report United States organic food market report 2013-2018. (2014). Manufacturing Close Up, Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1498350288? accountid=35796 Young, T. (2014). Organic check-off. Retrieved from https//ota. com/organic-check.

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay

Because of the immigration in the world and the great assimilation that atomic number 18 in progress prejudices and discrimination are more important than never before. hatful need to learn from young ages that it doesnt matter where you come from or what color your skin is, the only thing that matters is your personality and how you respond to former(a) commonwealth.Yesterday, in Stockholm, I was talking to my cousin and she told me that I never should lie in in Tensta because, according to her, its a rattling dangerous come because it only lives criminals there. Personally Im sure that the majority of the people in Tensta are normal, nice people that never have through with(p) anything criminal its only her prejudices that say any(prenominal)thing different.I see each day how common prejudices are, my friends have prejudices, my family has prejudices and I, that see myself as a very prejudices free person, find sometimes that even I have some prejudices.Discrimination is unfortunately also common in our society. A enchantment ago I read a study that professors at the Linn university in Kalmar had written and it showed that the majority of the companies in Sweden discriminated people with Arabic names. If there were dickens persons with exactly the same qualities and experience in the study, and one of them was named Martin Johansson and the other Abd al Hakim only the first would be called to an interview while the act would be sorted away immediately.But I think that it is light-colored to forget and that we have to remember that discrimination can work in every way white against black, black against white, men against women, women against men, and so on. indeed I believe that we have to work for a society that is jibe on every scale.I think that a way to reckon the problem with prejudices and discrimination is to make it a main subject in school. In that way every kid in Sweden would get selective information about and be able to discus p rejudices and discrimination every hebdomad from the age of 6 to 16. I believe that information and knowledge are the key to everything, and in this case the key to an equal society without prejudices and discrimination.

An Insight Into Prophecy: Infallibility Essay

Plato once remarked that a residential area could produce its ideal leader and head up by handpicking a select hardly a(prenominal) and expo sing them to an intricate balance of gymnastics and Hellenic music. A compar business leadert from the emasculating effect of much(prenominal) a course of exploition, it no doubt move short of the prophetic paradigm. Prophets are an meaning(a) vehicle by which Allah (swt) guides piecekind their line of work is to convey Gods depart and provide an example worthyy of emulation. Yet, in order to be emulated they must(prenominal) themselves be of an perfect grapheme. In this brief article, I sh all approach the topic of prophethood from the gateway of infallibility and flak to assess, through a parole of the occasion of prophethood, why infallibility is required.In order for the discussion of infallibility to be a fruitful ane, it would calculate well-nigh appropriate to bugger off by shedding light upon the institution of pro phethood. The religions of the existence feature venerated those that they consider to be prophets. These magnetised figures require led communities and shaped incidental history. Such influence and prestige appears to gain ground from their common claim that they are godlyly inspired. Their popular appeal thus stems get the fact that they represend integrity of the more a nonher(prenominal) ways by which God manifests His immanency that God is closer to us than our vena jugularis veins.1Yet, beyond this link with the shaper, religions give birth differed, in some respects, regarding prophethood. Prophets, as characterised by Judaism, the front of the three Abrahamic faiths, were people who felt actually deeply. They were devastated by the suffering of those that were oppressed. Having long vibrancy with the life of our final messenger, Muhammad (s.a.w), the Jewish prophets tended to have three main phases to their lives contemplative seclusion, vituperative critic ism of the status quo and finally the planning of a means to salvation. And yet, when reading the grizzly Testament, it becomes very much apparent that the prophets were not of an impeccable character they appear frail and at times guilty of overserious sin. The Genesis account of Jacob tricking his father Isaac is a particular case to note.2Another unmistakable difference is that of ethnicity. Israel was Yahwehs chosen nation, and as such, prophets, divine favours, were send to guide them. In contrast, the Moslem prophetology is a universal one it recognises both that to every nation is a guide3 and that Muhammad (s.a.w), the seal of prophethood, was direct as a mercy to all the world.4In Christianity can be seen an even greater departure from Islams prophetology. Here, prophetology becomes theology in the act of deifying Christ. As a footing, aiding our sagacity of the alternate prophetologies of these 2 faiths, we whitethorn compare what have been interpreted to be the respective symbols of Christianity and Islam the cross and the crescent. Placing apart the inherent defects of redemption, original sin and the act of deifying Christ, it would seem that the cross, in Christianity, represents the one, single and unique(p) redemptive transection between the transcendent and inseparable God the Fathers plain loftiness is brought to earth by saviour vertical sacrifice. On the other hand, the crescent, indicative of cyclicity and renewal, is an apt symbol of Islams prophetology seeing successive prophets as one of a chain of 124,000 guides sent by the Almighty. As one is extinguished, another is born.The Islamic prophetology is conceptually simple. Islam views all prophets as having a common aim preaching the essence of monotheism. In the Quran, great stress is set(p) upon the figure of Abraham (a.s.) He is given ascribable respect as the great paterfamilias father to the line of Isaac (a.s) and Ishmael (a.s), and as such represents an ideal, t hat of Islam, from which Rabbinical Judaism and Pauline Christianity at rest(p)Abraham was not a Jew nor a Christian but he was an upright man (hanif), a Muslim, and not one of the polytheists5 on the model set by Abraham, excellently known to be the slayer of idols, a line of great prophets descended. The story of Yusuf (a.s), Abrahams great-grandson, referred to in the Quran as the best of narratives,6 provides us with a glowing example of how tawhid manifests itself in a believer Yusuf (a.s), even in times of great tribulation had substantial tawakkul, absolute trust in Allah. still in jail he did not lose sight of his mission. Indeed, when asked by his 2 jail-mates to interpret their dreams, he ceases the opportunity to begin preaching to them, in wonderfully smooth-spoken prose, of Gods oneness, and their ultimate accountability sooner Him.7In spite of such archetypes, the children of Israel on m both occasion defied their prophets. The Quran gives many an example of su ch defiance and the resulting divine retribution. The end product was that Rabbinical Judaism became fraught with legalism, and the spirit of faith began to fade. This was to contrast with the occult teachings of Moses (a.s), to whom the burning bush spake.8 The Quran also presents saviour (a.s) as a worthy apostle who vehemently denies claims that he is God. The very first spoken language of the Quranic Jesus (a.s), uttered in the place of origin to defend his mother from charges of unchastity, form both a rebuttal to Pauline Christianity and presently capture the Islamic prophetologySurely I am a servant of Allah He has given me the book and made me a prophet.9Hence, in Islam, a prophet is only if a messenger of God sent to guide his people to the right path. The working side of prophecy is that of certificate of indebtedness a responsibility by the people to copy the prophet. Regarding the final and most honoured of the prophets, Muhammad (s.a.w) the Quran saysTake what the messenger gives to you, and refrain from what he prohibits you.10It is from this platform that we whitethorn make the relatively straightforward startle to infallibility. Many creases, both rational and scriptural, uprise regarding the infallibility of the prophets. One of the most convincing is the argument that builds upon our responsibility towards prophets, as noted, and the subsequent puzzle of following an errant prophet. M.R Muzaffar elaborates upon this argumentThe indicate for the infallibility of a prophet is that if he commits a sin or mistake, or is senseless or something similar, we have to chose between two alternatives both we obey his sins and mistakes, in which case, in the view of Islam, we do wrong, or we must not obey the his sins and mistakes, which too is wrong, because this is verso to the idea of prophethood where obedience is necessary besides, if everything he says or does has the possibility of being either right or wrong, then it is insurmo untable for us to follow him. The result is that the profit of his mission is lost it becomes unnecessary, and the prophet becomes standardized ordinary people whose acts and speech do not have the excellent worth that we judge, with the result that there will be no obedience and his actions will be unreliable.11Allamah Hilli (d.1325), the twelver Shiite theologian of the Il-Khanid period, cites another key rational, aqli, evidence for infallibility. He points to the argument ad infinitum if the guardian is not infallible, then we are left(p) with the indefinite question of who guards the guardian?12Having provided but a taster to the arguments in favour of infallibility, one needs explicate what exactly we take it to mean. Muslim theologians have united doctrinally in favour of prophetic infallibility, and yet differences are discernible in both its extend and its duration. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d.1209), a Shafii jurist and theologian of the modifyari School, claims that i nfallibility occurs only in the domains of belief, transmission of the divine message and religious judgement. This however, appears to severely decide the extent of authority accorded to the prophet, who is the example par excellence in all domains. though al-Razi claims that the Sunni changearites had agreed upon this, it appears that al-Baqillani (d10.13), another Asharite theologian, believed that the infallible may commit unwilled errors in the transmission of the message to mankind. The flaws of such a view are clear.Allama Hilli, whose views dwell those of Jewish-Orthodox twelver Shiism to this day, provides a unassailable definition of isma, infallibility. He begins by explaining that infallibility does not itself negate the prophets ability to commit sin13 avoiding sin is an active choice. This is in contrast to the determininstic understanding prevalent amongst the Asharites. Further, he stipulates that the infallible must neither commit with child(p) or minor sins, in any domain, either before or later on his mission commences.14 He reasons that a soul who becomes inerrant upon being made a prophet will not have acquired the necessary respect from his people. Only a person that has been of exemplary character end-to-end his life can take on such a great responsibility as that of prophethood.In sum, one may say, rather schematically, that prophetic infallibility is denied within the marge of Judaism, extended to that of a deity in Christianity, and defined downwards by orthodox Sunnism. And yet, upon reflection, it would appear that prophecy is a great burden. Indeed, the Quranic revelation is described as a heavy word15 that is sent down upon the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). It is only with impeccable character, fortitude and resilience that the prophets were able to pick up such a burden, and live up to the responsibility of guiding mankind. Such character can only be adequately captured in an understanding of infallibility that does not se ek to atomise, either temporally or spatially, the lives of the prophets inerrancy most truly encompasses all domains and periods of the life of a prophet.1 devoted Quran 5016.2 Genesis 25-28. The Genesis account speaks of Jacob having an elderly brother by the name of Esau. Isaac had mean to bless his elder son before he died, but Jacob, aided by his mother Rebekah sought to trick Isaac into big(p) Esaus birthright to Jacob.3 holy place Quran 137.4 Holy Quran 21107.5 Holy Quran 367.6 Holy Quran 123.7 Holy Quran 1236-42.8 Holy Quran 209-14.9 Holy Quran 203310 Holy Quran 597.11 Shomali, S.A. Shii Islam, ICAS (2002) (unpublished manuscript), p67.12 Allamah Hilli, al-Bab al-Hadi Ashr, translation by Miqdad ibn Abd Allah al-Siyuri, Mashad (1989), p41.13 Tusi, Nasir al Din, Kashf al Murad fi Sharh Tajrid al-Itiqad, commentary by Allamah Hilli, Beirut (1990), pp.341-342.14 Op.cit. Al-Hilli, p124.15 Holy Quran 735