What are the arguments for and against military intervention essays

What are the arguments for and against military intervention essays One of the most important issues today in world politics is the position of Iraq. Presently the world is engaged in a debate about whether to launch a war against Iraq. Various strategies appear on the invasion of Iraq with regularity. The question is whether the US will attack Iraq or not. The whole world is eagerly interested in this question since an invasion can lead to serious consequences for the US and global economy as well as the position of the neighboring countries Turkey, Iran, Syria. But the most serious concern is that a war with Iraq can lead to a Third World War. There are several argument for military intervention in Iraq. It is said that for the last couple of years Iraq devoted enormous effort to rebuild its military forces and equip them with weapons of mass destruction. However with using weapons of mass destruction he might succeed provoking Israel to respond, perhaps with nuclear weapons unleashing an Armageddon in the Middle East. This could be a serious threat to the world peace. Saddam Hussein is the absolute dictator in Iraq. He won 100% of the votes on the last elections, which is completely impossible in a democratic society where an opposition exists. The Iraqi people live under his dictatorship. He killed Kurds with biological weapons and razed towns down to the ground while putting down a rebellion in Shiia. He terrorizes and brutalizes his own people. He has launched war on two of his neighbors. He burned oil fields in Kuwait and released 60 million barrels of oil in the desert, with which he spoiled 1500 km of the Gulf coast. He has aggressive regional ambitions as well as he is ruthlessness and unpredictability. It may at some point be wise to remove him from power. Its little likelihood that anybody can negotiate with him the only way is to give him an ultimatum as it was in the case of the weapons inspectors. On the other hand, there is little evidence to indic ...

5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers

5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers 5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers 5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers By Mark Nichol Mistaken insertion or omission of hyphens in phrasal adjectives that involve quantities is a common error. The following sentences illustrate several types of incorrect usage to avoid. 1. In his most successful season, he made 13-of-16 field goals. In the context of sports, in a simple reference to a number of attempts achieved, hyphenation is extraneous: â€Å"In his most successful season, he made 13 of 16 field goals.† The exception is when an â€Å"x-for-y† phrase stands on its own (as an adverb) in place of an â€Å"x of y† phrase serving as an adjective for a noun or noun phrase describing the results: â€Å"Smith went 4-for-5 to lead the team to victory.† 2. The team’s efforts to repeat the successes of the previous season were stymied by a 57-day long players’ strike. This sentence describes a long players’ strike consisting of 57 days, but that’s not quite what it is intended to mean. The strike was 57 days long, and that combination of numbers and words, not just the first two elements, constitutes the phrasal adjective describing the players’ strike: â€Å"The team’s efforts to repeat the successes of the previous season were stymied by a 57-day-long players’ strike.† 3. The 6 acre town is situated in a small valley between rolling hills. The number and the unit of measurement together provide information about the town, so the two elements of this phrasal adjective should be hyphenated: â€Å"The 6-acre town is situated in a small valley between rolling hills.† 4. Smith is still expected to rake in enough votes to clear the 15-percent threshold to get a share of the delegates. An expression of a percentage that modifies a noun, unlike a similar-looking reference to a dimension (â€Å"15-foot threshold†) or a dollar amount (â€Å"fifteen-dollar threshold†), is not hyphenated: â€Å"Smith is still expected to rake in enough votes to clear the 15 percent threshold to get a share of the delegates.† 5. A study says that his grammar skills are equivalent to that of 10 and 11 year olds. This type of description, in which only the head (the first element) of a phrasal adjective appears when a parallel and complete phrasal adjective follows (indicating that the two heads share the body that follows the second head), is often styled incorrectly. Because the correct format is â€Å"x-year-olds† (with an implied noun following this phrasal adjective, making the phrase itself a noun), the full phrase should be hyphenated, and a hyphen should follow the first head to indicate that it shares year and olds with the second number: â€Å"A study says that his grammar skills are equivalent to that of 10- and 11-year-olds.† (Note that letter spaces precede and follow and.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases8 Writing Tips for BeginnersMay Have vs. Might Have

Valuation Under SFAS 141R Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Valuation Under SFAS 141R - Term Paper Example Any goodwill forthcoming from the merger or acquisition is examined and appraised under SFAR 142, in regards to its fair value. The whole context was aimed at adding more items to what constitutes a business when the acquisition or a merger is undertaken. The acquisition method is still followed as before, but more items are included here as well as different ways of ascertaining the fair value of assets and liabilities, which are acquired. The SFAR 141 principle of measuring goodwill requires the full goodwill approach reporting by the acquiring firm. This is explained as full measure i.e. 100% of both identifiable assets and liabilities and any non-controlling interest in the acquired firm, to be reported by the acquiring firm. Inadvertently, goodwill still stands as the salvage of the fair value of the business consideration exchange during the acquisition or merger, over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities undertaken. Goodwill is thus spread over both the contro lling and non-controlling interests by the acquiring firm in the new rule. The rules under the new section of SFAR 141 require that companies should report retrospectively. This means that the acquiring company has to recast prior business periods to reflect the correct valuations in their books. Under the new rules, bargain purchase i.e. any occurrence of negative goodwill needs to be counterchecked before any entries are made. Previously, this negative goodwill was spread over the noncurrent assets, but the rule now states that it should be recognized as a gain over how much the fair value of assets and liabilities exceed the consideration exchange, and not as an extraordinary item. The consideration exchange during any combination is recognized on the acquisition date and not on the transaction announcement date, under the new rule. Any acquisition related costs e.g. legal fees, consultancy fees et cetera, are not included in the purchase price as the previous case. The items to be included here are cash, stock, contingent payments e.g. earn outs, and any assets transferred and liabilities assumed. Acquisition costs are expensed as they are incurred. Contingent liabilities are recorded at their fair values. This is determined on the acquisition date as the higher of the fair value amount or that amount determined under the existing guidance for nonacquired contingencies. This is unlike the old method that added the contingent considerations to the goodwill. When the valuation is made i.e. market to market to determine the fair value and subsequently paid in cash, the reporting is done in the income statement (Eric, 2008). Any in-process research and development (IPR&D) is capitalized at fair value as an intangible asset until completion or abandonment. This is irregardless to the previous rule that only recognized items that were reported in the balance sheet. These IPR&D are then written off if there is no future value for them by the acquirer on combinati on. However, on continued use, abandonment calls for a write off in the acquirer’s book and an amortization of the assets over the expected useful lives on completion of the project. Any other assets that are acquired with no intentions of using them i.e. defensive items are reported at the fair value by the acquiring firm. Valuation allowances are reported, in the new rule, on any assets acquired

The Relationship between Rationality of Investors and Market Essay

The Relationship between Rationality of Investors and Market Efficiency - Essay Example In an efficient market, significant information is freely accessible to all participants. Researchers argue that with the current availability and utilization of complicated modeling in capital markets and with substantiality superior revelation and analysis, superior approximations of returns may be made by expert investors (Keim & Ziemba, 2000, p. 255). These computations of returns approximations are possible where there are efficient market mechanisms. Therefore, there is a positive relationship between market efficiency and rationality of investors. (Jones, 2009, p. 329).The Efficient Market Hypothesis   In 1900, Louis Bachelier developed hypotheses of investment payoffs. Keim & Ziemba The Efficient Market Hypothesis is one of these theories of investment payoffs. The Efficient Market Hypothesis hypothesizes that, at any given time, equity prices fully replicate all accessible information. The propositions of the efficient marketplace hypothesis are profound (Fama, 1995, p. 4) . Most traders who sell and buy equities do these under the postulation that the equities they are selling are worth below the selling price while equities they are purchasing are worth in excess of the price that they are disbursing. However, if there is an efficient market and current prices fully replicate all information, then selling and purchasing in an endeavor to outperform the marketplace will efficiently be a game possibility rather than expertise (Jones, 2009, p. 329).... 5) notes, Simon suggested three ways which a resolution maker can endeavor to optimize their returns. First, using max-min rule of the game theory, every investor deems the worst possible result for every investment and builds a portfolio, which will generate the biggest value when made up of a mixture of these minimum values. However, it is worth noting that there is no rational investor who would select securities, given that the worst likely result for equities is loss. Secondly, an investor can build a mixture of investment alternatives where the likelihood of every outcome is maximized. The combination of these investment alternatives will depend of the risk profile of every portfolio. Jones (2009, p. 325) observes that investment risk is positively related to the returns of that investment, implying that the investment with high risks generates higher returns. Rational investors will undertake investments which correspond to their risk tolerance categories. Thirdly, Simon visua lizes the investor selecting one entire portfolio from a set of alternatives which will maximize the value. This may be selecting a portfolio containing bonds only, equities only, from accessible investment alternatives. Simon deems that the complexity of computation in relation to real human choice circumstances is beyond the average investor; however, with market efficiency these calculations can be performed. In an efficient market, significant information is freely accessible to all participants. Researchers argue that with the current availability and utilization of complicated modeling in capital markets and with substantiality superior revelation and analysis, superior approximations of returns may be made by expert investors (Keim & Ziemba, 2000, p. 255). These

The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity Essay The most common definition of this term is a social ranking by social wealth. An example would be a family whose income level categorizes them below the poverty line, versus a family whose income level categorizes them far above the poverty line. This is when an oppressor uses race to determine who is and is not privileged. These determinations are made by assigning characteristics to races and dividing them into groups. At minimum, characteristics include physical or cultural traits. This is a broad generalization about groups which does not account for individual differences. An example would be if a person were to generalize that all people from New York City are pushy. Among many others, Chinese Americans, African American, Native Americans and Caucasians are examples of this group. Members of such a group can be identified by obvious physical differences. This occurs when a dominant group forces a minority group to live, work, or socialize separately. The high index of Blacks and Whites living separately in Detroit, Michigan is an example. Another way of describing a minority group, this type of group comprises people of certain race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, disability. Members of such a group exhibit five distinct characteristics. This occurs when a person, or the group to which that person belongs, assumes the characteristics of a dominant group. An example would be a Native American choosing to abandon his or her cultural norms in favor of United States norms. This group is associated with a faith other than that of the dominant group. For example, individuals who practice Buddhism in the United States belong to this type of group. This perspective maintains that groups in society may express their cultures without facing prejudice or hostility. In part, it can be seen in some of the larger United States cities.

FIFA Corruption Essays -- world cup, ethics committe, presidents

Fifa has made  £1,200,000,000 per year from sponsors, television and the World Cup. Fifa’s latest financial amount over the four years to the end of 2010 show the organisation has earned more than four billion. That's an increase of fifty-nine percent over the previous four year stretch which included the World Cup in Germany (BBC, pars. 1). Its broadcast rights and marketing which are leading the boom of course, and Fifa is riding the wave that's thrown the Premier League skywards too (BBC, pars. 2). Fifa has banked $631m to its reserves, which now stand at $1.2 billion (BBC, pars. 3). Fifa says of the money it raised, seventy percent was ploughed back into the game by staging tournaments and investing in projects. Fifa put $794m into football development, including its 'Goal' and 'Win in Africa' projects (BBC, pars. 4). More than $350m has been handed out to the member FAs, under what's called the Financial Assistance Programme (BBC, pars. 5) FIFA was first created in the year 1904 and since then they have a long history about how soccer became a worldwide sport. The history of FIFA begins after an international soccer match played between France and Belgium, taking place in Brussels, Belgium on 1 May, 1904. The French and Belgium soccer players decided that it would be a good idea to create a soccer association to make rules of soccer.So they created the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) which is now one of the most famous football associations in the world. FIFA was founded in the rear of the headquarters of the Union Franà §aise de Sports Athlà ©tiques at the Rue Saint Honorà © 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904(CFH, pars. 1). The Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de Football Association(FIFA) was named by the French d... ...History of Fifa† FIFA.com, Web. 18 Feb. 2014 Hughes, Rob. â€Å"One by One , Those Atop FIFA Are Falling† The New York Times, Web. 7 Feb. 2014 â€Å"History of FIFA-More associations follow† FIFA.com, Web. 18 Feb. 2014 Tannenwald, Jonathan. â€Å"FIFA's Sepp Blatter Qatar won 2022 World Cup bid with political influence† Philly Sports, Web. 7 Feb. 2014 â€Å"Fifa Origin† Essoccer.com, Web. 17 Feb. 2014 â€Å"Fifa History† Essocer.com, Web. 17 Feb. 2014

Examine the different ways in which ‘good’ is used in meta-ethics Essay

a) â€Å"Examine the different ways in which ‘good’ is used in meta-ethics.† Meta-ethics is the study of the meaning of moral language. It describes presuppositions and language of morality. There are a number of different ethical theories for the meaning of good used in meta-ethics. The four main headings under which most acceptable theories can fit under in some shape or form. These are Ethical Naturalism (or Definism), Intuitionism, Emotivism and Presciptivism. Definism theory states that all ethical statements are similar to non-ethical statements and can, therefore, be approached in the same way. In the same way that we can verify a scientific fact, ethical naturalism theory states that we can verify an ethical statement. They are both prepositional. Definism states that ethical statements are just a type of short hand for more complex propositions. So therefore, in terms of Ethical Naturalism, if I were to use the term ‘good’ in a number of examples, it would just be a ‘summary’ word to sum up all the other words I wish to have incorporated into my sentence. For example, in the sentence: â€Å"I am good at football,† the word good is used to mean ‘skilled’ or ‘talented.’ This does not mean that ‘good’ means ‘skilled’ or ‘talented’, but simply that both of these words are incorporated in the single use of ‘good.’ In another sentence, ‘good’ could be used as a short hand for a completely different set of words. In the sentence, â€Å"It is good to see you,† ‘good’ is used to mean ‘pleasant’, ‘nice’ or ‘heart warming.’ Again this does not mean that ‘good’ means ‘pleasant’ or ‘nice’, but simply that both these words are incorporated in the single use of ‘good.’ A contradictory theory to Definism is Intuitionism. Intuitionism states that ‘good’ is indefinable. Intuitionism also holds that basic moral truths are objective and stand independently of what people my fell or think. Intuitionism holds that we should pick out our moral principles through what we think or feel. There is no definition of good that can always hold true. For example, if someone were to define good as ‘pleasing’, an Intuitionist would respond by pointing out that not all pleasing things are good. A similar theory to Intuitionism is Emotivism. An Emotivist believes that moral judgements simply express our feelings on a subject. If someone were to claim something was ‘good’, an Emotivist would see this as an emotional exclamation, not a truth claim, and would take it to mean that the person approves of the thing/action/person etc. Another fairly similar theory is Prescriptivism. Prescriptivists believe that in using moral language such as ‘good/bad’ or ‘right/wrong,’ we are simply prescribing our opinions. In other words were are saying, ‘do this, and let everyone do the same in the same situation.’ Therefore, if someone were to say ‘giving to charity is good,’ what he or she is really saying is ‘you ought to give to charity.’ This again, means that ‘good’ not used as a universal truth, but in this case it is used as a universal prescription. In summary: in Definism, the term ‘good’ is simply a ‘short hand’ for more complex propositions that apply to that particular example. In Intuitionism holds that good in indefinable and therefore has no universal meaning. Emotivists believe when we use the term ‘good or make other moral judgements, we are simply expressing our feelings. So, therefore, if I say something is ‘good,’ this is simply an exclamation and therefore cannot be true or false and cannot be reasoned upon. Lastly, Prescriptivism holds that when we say something is ‘good’ we are prescribing a particular opinion and making it known to other that we feel they should do the same. b) â€Å"Anything people approve of must be good. Discuss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The response to this question depends on how we define the term ‘good.’ Can we loosely define ‘good’ as moralistic? There is a common theory that believes that our morals our simply a product of our culture and background. Therefore, there will be different moral codes in different societies. If each individual society has equal validity, it must be agreed that there can be no universal moral code. This theory is called Cultural Relativism. Cultural Relativism therefore holds that ‘good’ means ‘socially approved.’ Therefore if we rearrange the above statement, replacing the word ‘good’ with the Cultural Relativist’s definition, we find ourselves looking at a slightly odd sentence which looks as follows: â€Å"Anything that people approve of must be socially approved†. Now there are two ways to interpret this sentence. The first would be to question the number of people included in the generalization of the word ‘people.’ If the sentence is intended to mean, â€Å"if anybody approves of something, it must be socially approved†, then the statement is not true. However, we can also take the sentence to mean, â€Å"If the majority of people within a society approve of something, then it is said to be socially approved.† If we swap ‘good’ back into the sentence we end up with a statement that looks like this: † if the majority of people within a society approve of something then it is good.† Thus we have formed the central principle of Cultural relativism. In terms of the other theories that define ‘good’, only one can be applied. Definism would argue that the statement is simply a short hand for more complex propositions. So in this case, ‘good’ is used to mean ‘beneficial’ or ‘correct.’ Since this is possibly true, Ethical naturalists would have a fairly strong argument here. Emotivism, Intuitionism or Prescriptivism cannot really apply here as they are all subjective and based on opinion and in this case good cannot be used an exclamation of opinion.

Growth and Development Essay

Children of the same age will experience progression differently, their progression is based on a dynamic process termed growth and development, both often used interchangeable, these terms however have completely different meanings. Growth usually refers to a noticeable increase in the child’s actual size, for instance the child’s weight, height, or head circumference. Development is a broader term than growth the rate and level of development are closely related to physiological maturity of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. For example at birth the neurons in a child’s brain begin to make critical connections, which will be used in adult functions, such as vision. This is considered development and not growth because there is no increase of size and can observed without an advanced instrument. Development is also a sequence of composed of predictable steps along a developmental pathway common to the majority of children. Read more: Sequence and rate of development  essay Development usually focuses on several major domains: physical, motor, perceptual, cognitive, social-emotional, and language. According to Novella J. Ruffin Ph.D., Assistant Professor and Extension Child Development Specialist, physical development refers to â€Å"physical changes in the body and involves changes in bone thickness, size, weight, gross motor, fine motor, vision, and perceptual development.† â€Å"Growth is rapid during the first two years of life. â€Å"The child’s size, shape, senses, and organs undergo change.† ‘As each physical change occurs, the child gains new abilities.† Motor development is holding their head up, sitting, pulling, rolling, eye-hand coordination, reaching or grasping. â€Å"The gross motor skills develop in a head to foot progression (Gesell, 1940), â€Å"Head control is the first movement that a baby achieves, and is necessary to attain other movement skills such as sitting, crawling, and walking† (Illi ngworth, 1983). Head control is vital because The ability to roll smoothly from back to stomach, or stomach to back requires some degree of head control, and a rotation movement that occurs along the trunk of the body, between the hips and the shoulders. Rolling is the first movement that allows a baby to change his position, and usually develops between 4 and 5 months of age (Caplan, 1978). The ability to maintain a sitting position requires a baby to have developed equilibrium reactions and protective responses in the forward, backward, and side to side directions (Bobath, 1964). Although if the baby has difficulty maintaining balances, the parents can play with the child to improve equilibrium reactions. â€Å"Once an infant develops strength, coordination, and balance to move about freely on the floor, he will begin to pull up to stand and discover ways to explore things that were previously out of his reach (Bly, 1980) Perceptual development is an aspect of cognitive development that allows yo ung children to start interpreting and understanding sensory input. Cognitive development is the changing of thought, learning and perception as a child develops from infancy to childhood. As a child begins to understand who they are and what they are feeling is social-emotional development. The greatest influence on a child’s social-emotional development is the quality of the relationship that the child develops with their primary caregivers. Positive and nurturing early experiences and relationships have a significant impact on a child’s social-emotional development. Language development begins early in life; however there are different theories on how to explain just how language development occurs. For example behaviorist theory of B.F. Skinner suggests â€Å"that the emergence of language is the result of imitation and reinforcement.† Yet the nativist theory of Noam Chomsky suggests â€Å"that language in an inherent human quality and that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows them to produce language once they have learned the necessary vocabulary.† Some newborns have developmental differences caused by unfavorable conditions before, during, or after birth due to genetic or environmental influences; these facto rs could lead to atypical child development. The term atypical describes children with developmental differences, deviations, or marked delays—children whose development appears to be incomplete or inconsistent with typical patterns and sequences. There are many causes of atypical development, including genetic errors, poor health and nutrition, injury, and too few or poor-quality opportunities to learn. (Pg 34, Ch.2, Principles of Growth and Development) Atypical physical growth can also be called physical development delay, this only becomes a problem when the motor skill does not emerge by the expected date, and the child is making no progress on the learning skill. Atypical cognitive growth will tend to arise from a developmental delay. Some of the most common causes of these delays are brain injury, abuse and neglect, and gene or chromosomal abnormalities. In conclusion children can be the same age, the same weight, and the same height, but each child will develop differently, each will have their own unique pattern of growth. Each child will develop differently with the influences of environmental factors, culture, and family values that are uniquely to each individual. As children grow there are points of developmental milestones. Each milestone helps the progress of new milestones such as walking, which requires muscle strength and coordination. There are different sequences of development each as equally as important as the other. Every child will learn from their environment, and a loving and positive environment will have loving and positive children. Reference Allen, E.K; Marotz, L.R. (2010) Developmental Profiles Pre-birth through Twelve Bly, L. (1980). The components of normal movement during the first year of life. Bobath, K. & Bobath, B. (1964). The facilitation of normal postural reactions and movements in the treatment of cerebral palsy. Caplan, F. (1978). The first twelve months of life. Gesell, A. (1940). The first five years of life. Illingworth, R.S. (1983). The development of the infant and young child: normal and abnormal. Novella J. Ruffin Ph. D., (2011). Understand Growth and Development Patterns of Infants.

Joy Luck Club2 essays

Joy Luck Club2 essays The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan, 1989, Chinese A. Jing-Mei (June) Woo. June is rebellious in nature, always swimming against her mothers dreams for her, not because they were harmful dreams but because she felt she could never live up to them, and she didnt because she thought she couldnt. Her mothers death has brought her face to face with questions about herself, her mother, and both their identities. B. Suyuan Woo. Like any mother Suyuan wanted her daughter to be the best she could be. She pushed her, to make her proud of herself, to give that one child what the two that were swallowed by her past could not. A. An-Mei Hsu. She is a strong woman, whose strength came form her mothers sacrifice. She wishes her daughter to be strong as well, to break with the Chinese role of swallowing ones own tears, and sorrows. B. Rose Hsu Jordan. A character drowned in vacillation, Rose has given her life to a dominating husband, until that husband leaves her. This is when after all the confusion in her heart clears and she finds the strength, the voice her mother intended her to have. C. Lindo Jong. Lindo is a brave cunning woman who found a way to change her fate, tied to an undesired husband. As a mother she is controlling if not somewhat possessive, she only wishes the best of both worlds for her daughter, American and Chinese. D. Waverly Place Jong. Waverlys character is intelligent, calculating yet fragile. She could outsmart any chess opponent and stubbornly believed it was all her merit yet the instant her mother no longer demonstrated how proud she made her, she became weak. Independence from her mothers feelings and actions seems to be her largest desire but she cant, and maybe she shouldnt fight so hard and realize her mother is not her opponent. E. Ying-Yin St. Clair. Ying-Yin is a dismal character. Scared from her first marriage, empty because her spirit, her joy has fled her b...

Programming Languages Comparison

Programming Languages Comparison Since the 1950s, computer scientists have devised thousands of programming languages. Many are obscure, perhaps created for a Ph.D. thesis and never heard of since. Others became popular for a while then faded due to lack of support or because they were limited to a particular computer system. Some are variants of existing languages, adding new features like parallelism- the ability to run many parts of a program on different computers in parallel. Read more about What is a programming language? Comparing Programming Languages There are several ways to compare computer Languages but for simplicity, well compare them by Compilation Method and Abstraction Level. Compiling to Machine Code Some languages require programs to be transformed directly into Machine Code- the instructions that a CPU understands directly. This transformation process is called compilation. Assembly Language, C, C, and Pascal are compiled languages. Interpreted Languages Other languages are either Interpreted such as Basic, Actionscript, and Javascript, or a mixture of both being compiled to an intermediate language - this includes Java and C#. An Interpreted language is processed at runtime. Every line is read, analyzed, and executed. Having to reprocess a line every time in a loop is what makes interpreted languages so slow. This overhead means that interpreted code runs between 5 - 10 times slower than compiled code. The interpreted languages like Basic or JavaScript are the slowest. Their advantage is not needing to be recompiled after changes and that is handy when youre learning to program. Because compiled programs almost always run faster than interpreted, languages such as C and C tend to be the most popular for writing games. Java and C# both compile to an interpreted language which is very efficient. Because the Virtual Machine that interprets Java and the .NET framework that runs C# are heavily optimized, its claimed that applications in those languages are as fast if not faster as compiled C. Level of Abstraction The other way to compare languages is level of abstraction. This indicates how close a particular language is to the hardware. Machine Code is the lowest level,  with Assembly Language just above it. C is higher than C because C offers greater abstraction. Java and C# are higher than C because they compile to an intermediate language called bytecode. How Languages Compare Fast Compiled Languages Assembly LanguageCCPascalC#Java Reasonably Fast Interpreted PerlPHP Slow Interpreted JavaScriptActionScriptBasic Machine Code is the instructions that a  CPU  executes. Its the only thing that a CPU can understand and execute.  Interpreted  languages need an application called an  Interpreter  that reads each line of the program source code and then runs it. Interpreting Is Easier Its very easy to stop, change and re-run applications written in an interpreted language and that is why theyre popular for learning programming. There is no compilation stage needed. Compiling can be quite a slow process. A large Visual C application can take from minutes to hours to compile, depending on how much code has to be rebuilt and the speed of memory and the  CPU. When Computers First Appeared When computers first became popular in the 1950s, programs were written in machine code as there was no other way. Programmers had to physically flip switches to enter values. This is such a tedious and slow way of creating an application that higher level computer languages had to be created. Assembler: Fast to Run- Slow to Write! Assembly language is the readable version of Machine Code and looks like this Mov A,$45 Because it is tied to a particular CPU or family of related CPUs, Assembly Language is not very  portable  and is time-consuming to learn and write. Languages like C have reduced the need for Assembly Language programming except where RAM is limited or time-critical code is needed. This is typically in the  kernel  code at the heart of an Operating System or in a video card driver. Assembly Language Is the Lowest Level of Code Assembly Language is very low level; most of the code just moves values between the  CPU  registers and memory. If you are writing a payroll package you want to think in terms of salaries and tax deductions, not  Register  A to Memory location XYZ. This is why higher level languages like C,  C#  or  Java  are more productive. The programmer can think in terms of the problem domain (salaries, deductions, and accruals) not the hardware domain (registers, memory, and instructions). Systems Programming With C C was devised in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. It can be thought of as a general purpose tool- very useful and powerful but very easy to let bugs through that can make systems insecure. C is a low-level language and has been described as portable Assembly language. The syntax of many scripting  languages is based on C, for example,  JavaScript, PHP, and ActionScript. Perl: Websites and Utilities Very popular in the  Linux  world, Perl was one of the first web languages and remains very popular today. For doing quick and dirty programming on the web it remains unrivaled and drives many websites. It has though been somewhat eclipsed by  PHP as a web scripting language. Coding Websites With PHP PHP  was designed as a language for Web Servers and is very popular in conjunction with Linux, Apache, MySql, and PHP or LAMP for short. It is interpreted, but pre-compiled so code executes reasonably quickly. It can be run on desktop computers but is not as widely used for developing desktop applications. Based on C  syntax, it also includes  Objects  and Classes. Pascal  was devised as a teaching language a few years before C but was very limited with poor string and file handling. Several Manufacturers extended the language but there was no overall leader until Borlands Turbo Pascal (for Dos) and Delphi (for Windows) appeared. These were powerful implementations that added enough functionality to make them suitable for commercial development. However, Borland was up against the much bigger Microsoft and lost the battle. C: A Classy Language! C or C plus classes as it was originally known came about ten years after C and successfully introduced Object Oriented Programming to C, as well as features like exceptions and templates. Learning all of C is a big task- it is by far the most complicated of the programming languages here but once you have mastered it, youll have no difficulty with any other language. C#: Microsofts Big Bet C#  was created by  Delphis architect Anders Hejlsberg after he moved to Microsoft and Delphi developers will feel at home with features such as Windows forms. C#  syntax  is very similar to  Java, which is not surprising as Hejlsberg also worked on J after he moved to Microsoft. Learn C# and you are well on the way to knowing  Java. Both languages are semi-compiled so that instead of compiling to machine code, they compile to  bytecode  ( C# compiles to  CIL  but it and Bytecode are similar) and are then  interpreted. Javascript: Programs in Your Browser Javascript  is nothing like Java, instead, its a  scripting  language based on C syntax but with the addition of  Objects  and is used mainly in browsers. JavaScript is interpreted and a lot slower than  compiled  code but works well within a browser. Invented by Netscape it has proved very successful and after several years in the doldrums is enjoying a new lease of life because of  AJAX; Asynchronous Javascript and XML. This allows parts of web pages to update from the server without redrawing the entire page. ActionScript: A Flashy Language! ActionScript  is an implementation of JavaScript but exists solely within Macromedia Flash applications.  Using vector-based graphics, it is used mainly for games, playing videos and other visual effects and for developing sophisticated user interfaces, all running in the browser. Basic for Beginners Basic  is an acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code and was created to teach programming in the 1960s. Microsoft has made the language their own with many different versions including VBScript for websites and the very successful  Visual Basic. The latest version of that is VB.NET and this runs on the same platform  .NET  as C# and produces the same CIL bytecode. Lua is a free scripting language written in C that includes garbage collection and coroutines. It interfaces well with C/C and is used in the games industry (and non-games as well) to script game logic, event triggers, and game control. Conclusion While everyone has their favorite language and has invested time and resources in learning how to program it, there are some problems that are best solved with the right language. E.G you wouldnt use C for writing web apps and you wouldnt write an Operating System in Javascript. But whichever language you choose, if its C, C or C#, at least you know youre in the right place to learn it.

Field trip report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Field trip report - Essay Example The report applies Butler’s destination life-cycle model to the Piney Lake. The site has undergone the first two stages in the life-cycle- exploration and involvement. The tourist destination is heading towards its third stage-that of development. It seems that the Noongar community may take a long time to go through the other stages of tourism life cycle as the inhabitants are so much involved and tied to their indigenous culture and traditions. The current report emphasises the need to formulate comprehensive strategies to keep the Aboriginal culture and traditions of Noongar community intact. Researchers, students and scholars on indigenous tourism need to undertake detailed in-depth studies on the tourist destination to identify the factors that preserve its authenticity and cultural diversity. Governmental policies and interventions on indigenous tourism need to perceive tourism as a cultural phenomenon rather than an economic enterprise. It is imperative for all the stakeholders to identify the dangers of commoditization and commercialization. Above all, measures are to be undertaken to facilitate sustainable models of tourism development on the tourist site. Indigenous tourism in Australia is flourishing day by day as aboriginal owned and operated enterprises have been attracting the attention of tourists. Indigenous tourism paves way for cultural rejuvenation of aboriginals while it also contributes immensely to the economy of the nation. Authenticity lies at the core of indigenous tourism and therefore loss of authenticity due to commoditization and commercialization of indigenous culture deserve primary attention. Contrived cultural products, tourist oriented commercial craftworks, and commercialized tourist services may adversely affect tourists’ quest for authenticity and will negate them of genuine indigenous tourism experiences. Similarly, sustainable models of tourism development are an essential prerequisite for

Employment Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment Law - Case Study Example The 2004 Regulations clearly state that "it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a person . . . on the grounds of religious belief". The exact nature of "religious belief" was much debated in the drafting of the Act, but it was apparently kept deliberately vague in order to cover as many cases as possible. If the religious belief directly effects a person's performance on the job (or lack thereof) then it would appear that an employer cannot be held liable for discrimination if the employee is fired. Two recent cases are very relevant to Sandeep's possible action. In Hazmi vs. Headfield Church of England Junior School a recent employment tribunal dismissed three claims of discrimination and harassment on religious grounds made by a Muslim woman, Aishah Azmi, who refused to remove her veil in the classroom. The school she was working ofr sacked herThe main thrust of Azmi's argument was that she was prepared and even willing to remove her veil in front of children, but not when male colleagues were present. The tribunal agreed that she had been victimized, but disagreed with her other claims. It said that her sacking was legitimate. Another case, Eweida vs. British Airways involves company policies regarding a dress code. Naida Eweida is a devout Catholic who wore a crucifix pendant on her uniform. British Airways asked her to remove it if she wanted to work in the check-in area, but she refused. The airline offered Eweida a job behind the scenes. She again refused. Eweida lost two levels of appeals against her sacking, but British Airways has since changed its dress code policy to allow the wearing of crosses. This case has yet to be fully resolved. Advice to Sandeep He could bring a case for discrimination based on the 2004 Act, but ethical obligations would require me to advise him that he would be unlikely to win the case. First, the problem of whether his "cult" would be regarded as a real religion for the provisions of the Act to take place would be a problem. Second, the wearing of pink, long hair and an earring would clearly interfere with his ability to conduct business as a salesman. This is a legitimate concern of his company and it would probably be irrelevant whether his attire was based upon his religion/cult beliefs or not. The fact is that he could not function as a successful salesman because of his clothing beliefs. Sandeep should ask for a job within the same company that does not require contact with the public/customers. If the company refuses to rehire him under these circumstances (assuming there are jobs for which Sandeep is qualified) then a discrimination suit might be brought. Mike, who works as a receptionist and porter, was diagnosed as suffering from osteoarthritis two years ago. He has never told anyone at work about this. However, his condition is getting worse and it is taking him increasing amounts of time to carry out the portering part of his job. The Head of Customer Relations complains about Mike to Phil, who is Mike's line manager and Phil institutes disciplinary proceedings against Mike. Legal Principles The major legal principle here is whether Mike is being discriminated against because of a disability. The fact that he has told no-one about his condition, which is disabling him, makes any chance of winning his case rather remote. The Law Under the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 it is unlawful to