Parents Must be Involved in their Childrens Education :: Persuasive Essays, Argumentative Essays

Have you heard the old adage, It takes a village to raise a child? Even in todays busy world where villages are almost nonexistent and neighborhoods arent as closely knit as they once were, this saying holds true. The same principle applies to your childs educationit takes to a greater extent than a good school to educate children, just as takes more than a good home to make children well adjusted. It takes community, teachers, and it takes YOUDid you know that children spend over 1,000 hours a year in school? So, if they go to school for 13 years, that adds up to 13,000 hours when someone else teaches, influences, molds and cares for your children. But, if parents and schools work together, children can grow up as educated, competent and productive members of our society. So how can you help your children in school? wiz of the main ways is to get take an active role at home and at school.Research shows that children do better in school when parents peach often with teachers an d become involved. Kids whose parents interact with teachers usually get higher grades and test scores, develop positive attitudes or so school, and are better behaved. Parents and teachers need to communicate on a regular basis, not just at parent/teacher conferences. But sometimes, a parent doesnt know just how to go about getting involved or how to make that positive connection with the teacher and/or school.So, where do you start? It is best to try and meet teachers early in the school year. This will help the teacher better understand your values, your child, and also lets them know that you support your childs education. Teachers like to have parents who are elicit in a childs progress.If you are involved in school activities and events you will have added views to talk with you childrens teachers. Becoming involved in PTO, PTA, and Booster Clubs also get togethers you a change to get to know the teachers better. On top of that, involvement in groups related to t he school give you a chance to have some say in the decisions that may affect your children. You dont have to be involved in everything. Choose something that is manageable and give it your all.Another good investment in your childs education is to volunteer. What you do will depend on the needs at your school and your abilities, alone usually the possibilities are endless.

Satan in John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- essays research papers

Who is Satan? Satans definitions include the advocate of God, a personification of evil, the fallen angel, a nerve created by God, and also the accuser. People see Satan differently, any(prenominal) know of his existence, others think of him as just a myth, and there ar those that just edit him. fanny Miltons Paradise Lost tells of Satans banishment from Heaven and his gain of earth. He and his brigade oblige plotted war against God and are now goddam to billow in the fiery pits of hell. Satan is a Gordian character with many different qualities. God is a character who we, as Christians, know somewhat however do not completely understand. We also do not completely understand Satan. Some may think they know Satan but when asked Is Satan divine? they hesitate. I admit that this is a very tough question to answer but it is just one of the ways that we understand Satan. The tools we shake off to understand Satan are mainly the just Bible and our questions, but some use J ohn Miltons Paradise Lost. There are some who think we should not use Paradise Lost as a tool because it is just a fictional take for. I personally believe that this book could be a story told to John Milton by the Holy Spirit. Miltons Satan is somewhat different to our thought of Satan largely because he is more complex than the Satan of the Christian tradition. Satans rebelliousness, his seeking of transcendence and his capacity for action, particularly evil action, change certain peoples viewpoints on him, even if their viewpoint world power be considered theologically misleading. The question is do we actually understand Satan and evil by means of the book Paradise Lost? In John Miltons Paradise Lost, Satan is banished from Heaven for his defiance against God. Satan an... ...ological story. We have books like the Left Behind series and some of us treat them like they are describing what is going to happen. In the book Wrestling with Dark Angels Satan is described as a supernatural being, although limited in power yet unperturbed greatly effective in fulfilling his malicious purpose, at least for a time. Because he is limited in power he has to rely upon clever double-dealing and allusion (117). Satan pull up stakes never be in charge of us as long as we never let him in. If we let him in we will see the allusion and will love it like he does. Finally, Satan interests many critics, who ask many questions. Many of the questions are unanswerable since we do not have access to Satans mind, let alones Milton mind. The Satan in Paradise Lost is a product of Milton. His character will continue to fascinate and mortify us all for many more generations.

How to Nurture a Friendship :: Friendship Essay

How to Nurture a FriendshipA plugger is some nonpareil who cherishes the special moments and memories of invigoration with another person. A friend is a trus bothrthy companion.Friendship is a human relationship which takes magazine to build. there argon manysteps and stages to achieving a straightforward friendship. However, one can findbuilding a friendship is like planting a garden.For many people, planting a garden represents, devotion andleisure. It takes assiduity to grow a garden, frustrations andhardships are also involved in the process. Firstly the seed isplanted. The seed builds the foundation of a beefed-up and stableplant. It has to be interpreted care of and watered daily. therefore theshoots start sprouting, the plant is finally flourishing. unmatchedcan see day by day the garden maturing. Then one day the gardenstarts to wilt, its dying. One has to tend to it and have thepatience and conclusion to bring it back to life. Itfrustrates one to see the insects an d predators preying on thebeautiful garden that once existed. But hard snip and devotionregains the gardens beauty and gives it life again. Soon ashoots blossom an bloom into beautiful flowers. The charm anddivine beauty of the garden is a wonderful informatory sight.Building a friendship has similar characteristics. One meets aperson and plants the seed of friendship. The friendship buildsand continues to grow stronger. It requires devotion of timeand patience to achieve outpouring communication between the twocompanions. The struggle to keep a solid friendship includesmany obstacles and hardships. But compromising, devotion andthe willingness to melt is bound to payoff in the end. AsBernard Wolf quotes It takes a long time to grow an oldfriendship. Friendship has its good and bad times. There comesa time when the relationship is just not operative. It ispreoccupied with disagreements and quarrels. It is on the vergeof destruction. One must have the patience to deal with such frustrations. The willingness and determination to get therelationship working again come within. Compromising andpersistence rebuilds the friendship and is once againreestablished. As Socrates once said Be irksome to fall intofriendship, but when thousand art in, continue firm andconstant. The friendship is blooming and is finally on its peak. Itsgreat to have a strong and stable relationship which allows the twocompanions to share the joys and memories of life together.How to Nurture a Friendship Friendship EssayHow to Nurture a FriendshipA friend is someone who cherishes the special moments and memories oflife with another person. A friend is a trustworthy companion.Friendship is a relationship which takes time to build. There are manysteps and stages to achieving a true friendship. However, one can thinkbuilding a friendship is like planting a garden.For many people, planting a garden represents, devotion andleisure. It takes patience to grow a garden, frustrations andhard ships are also involved in the process. Firstly the seed isplanted. The seed builds the foundation of a strong and stableplant. It has to be taken care of and watered daily. Then theshoots start sprouting, the plant is finally flourishing. Onecan see day by day the garden maturing. Then one day the gardenstarts to wilt, its dying. One has to tend to it and have thepatience and determination to bring it back to life. Itfrustrates one to see the insects and predators preying on thebeautiful garden that once existed. But hard work and devotionregains the gardens beauty and gives it life again. Soon ashoots blossom an bloom into beautiful flowers. The charm anddivine beauty of the garden is a wonderful enlightening sight.Building a friendship has similar characteristics. One meets aperson and plants the seed of friendship. The friendship buildsand continues to grow stronger. It requires devotion of timeand patience to achieve peak communication between the twocompanions. The struggle to keep a solid friendship includesmany obstacles and hardships. But compromising, devotion andthe willingness to endure is bound to payoff in the end. AsBernard Wolf quotes It takes a long time to grow an oldfriendship. Friendship has its good and bad times. There comesa time when the relationship is just not working. It ispreoccupied with disagreements and quarrels. It is on the vergeof destruction. One must have the patience to deal with suchfrustrations. The willingness and determination to get therelationship working again come within. Compromising andpersistence rebuilds the friendship and is once againreestablished. As Socrates once said Be slow to fall intofriendship, but when thou art in, continue firm andconstant. The friendship is blooming and is finally on its peak. Itsgreat to have a strong and stable relationship which allows the twocompanions to share the joys and memories of life together.

The Path of a Spiritual Master: A Means to an End or an End-in-Itself?

Throughout history there has been a division between the eastbound and the West, which goes beyond the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. In short, the world has been separated by Eastern and Western philosophy, cultures, traditions, and religions. However, with the spread of globalization, various religious and philosophical movements made its counseling across the oceans from East to West, and vice-versa. Even though there is a heavy presence of Eastern religions, traditions, and philosophies in the West, some of the concepts associated with them are yet to be legitimate or taken seriously by many in the Western society. To name a few of these concepts, immortality, self-importance-perfection, and asceticism, are just some of the prominent concepts in whizz particular Eastern religious tradition, Daoism. However, coetaneous philosophers and scholars of Eastern thought and tradition are trying to establish an open discussion about these superannuated ideas and beliefs that are a live and well in the 21st century Eastern Asia. While there is a strong belief among Western society that no one is perfect, the adherents of Daoism are focused on achieving self-perfection through attunement with the Dao. The ultimate goal for adherents of the Daoist tradition is to reach a state of immortality, which requires self-transformation through the cultivation of the self by practicing a series of Daoist attainment models. All the while, the Western scientific community is yet to crack the immortality code with all its technology and innovation. Nevertheless, in contemporary times, and with the arrival of Eastern philosophy, religions, and traditions in the West, many people are turning inward and using a tool believed to have more power than an atomic bomb, the human min... ...eration, but it remains unclear if asceticism a necessary and sufficient condition to becoming an immortal. At the very least, it will bring one peace. Works CitedEskildsen, Stephen. Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion. Albany, NY State University of New York Press, 1998.The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio. (New York, NY Routledge, 2008), s.v. Religious Practice and Experience Asceticism. The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio. (New York Routledge, 2008), s.v. Transcendence and immortality. The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio. (New York Routledge, 2008), s.v. Taoist Views of the Human Body.Komjathy, Louis. The Daoist Tradition Views of self. New York, NY Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.. Cultivating Perfection Mysticism and Self-transformation in Early Quanzhen Daoism. Leiden Brill, 2007.

Civil Disobedience as a Method of Protest Essay -- Nonviolent Resistanc

By definition, civil disobedience means to actively refuse to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violence (Wikipedia 2007). Many of the influential people in history have felt passionately about what they believe. These passions caused them to mount against a government or authority. Many times they felt so strongly about what they believed and how they were being treated was wrong they became disobedient. They would cod physical and communicatory abuse for being disobedient but would never retaliate. They believed in what they thought was wrong and tried to change the way they were governed. Albert Einstein once said never do anything against conscience even if the state demands it. Albert Einsteins views seem to be reasonable. The claim by Albert Einstein is accurate because people should stand up for what they believe, they should know when they are pay off and their government is wrong, and they should trust in themselves and their own beliefs.People in this world must stand up for what they believe because many people will take advantage of their power and infringe their rights. When Einstein said what he said about civil disobedience that you should trust a person?s conscious and non his government he was telling people to make a stand. A prime example of standing up for what you believe in and not bowing to a law or demand that a person doesn?t think is right would be Sophocles Antigone she didn?t stop trying to take back her brother because she believed it was the right thing and she stood up for herself ?I shall rest, a loved one with him whom I have loved, sinless in my crime, for I owe a longer allegiance to the dead than to the living ... ...cience He believed that conscience should tell a person what to do not just a majority vote. To pursue a government blindly ruins people they should only trust what they believe is right.The use of civil disobedie nce is a respectable way of protesting a governments rule. When soul believes that they are being forced into following unjust laws they should stand up for what they believe in no matter the consequences because it is not just one someone they are protesting for they are protesting for the well-being of a nation. Thoreau says ?to resist, the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable.? People should only let wrong and right be governed by what they believe not the people of the majority. The public should always stand for what is right, stand when they think a government is wrong, and trust in their moral beliefs.

6 Months Later :: essays research papers

6 Months LaterNow that Lennie is out of the way, I guess that I can actually do somethingwith my life. But, Its been 6 months since leaving the farm and I slake donthave a job. Oh, heres a sign. A mentally handicapped infirmary needs anattendant. I can do that, and it pays well too. $150 a month. "At that rate,Ill be able to get that land soon enough. Aint that discipline," I asked glaze over? "Wesure are," he replied with enthusiasm. As we stepped into the complex, the firstthing I sawing machine was the reception desk with a young, pretty, receptionist sittingbehind the desk, polishing her nails. Lennie would have enjoyed watching her Ipondered. She asked us what we wanted, and I told her that we were entirely here tofind out bout the job. After getting a quick overview and job description, Iwas ready to work right away. Candy was also lucky enough to get hired as anurse for $100 a month. I stepped into the bedroom and I saw about 25 kidssitting around a middl e-aged man, listening to a composition. As I stepped in, thestory teller stepped over to me and told me what I had to do. set up them andtalk to them. That was it. I was getting paid $150 just to teach a group ofhandicapped kids. I sat down next to the story teller, Bob, and I looked aroundand carefully observed them. As I did this, I could see Lennies face flashingin my mind. What was happening to me. Why couldnt he just leave me al 1. Isurvived through my first day of work, reluctantly. The hospital also providedhousing. That night, I had the most horrible dream of my life. I could seeLennie petting hundreds of rabbits, one at a time. But he was crying andscreaming in rage. The rabbits were dying. "George, why do they die? Dont letthem die George, please. Can I still tend the rabbits? I know I done a badthing," exclaimed Lennie. I got up, screaming. "Lennie, please leave me alone,please," I asked. It was silent. Nobody was awake. I looked like a completenut with all those kids, including Candy, staring at me. Candy just went back tosleep. He was the only one that could understand the pain that I was liberationthrough. This happened to me several nights after the first nightmare. Each onewould consist of rabbits, lots of them, and Lennie.

6 Months Later :: essays research papers

6 Months LaterNow that Lennie is out of the way, I take a chance that I can actually do somethingwith my life. But, Its been 6 months since leaving the farm and I still donthave a job. Oh, heres a sign. A mentally wound hospital needs anattendant. I can do that, and it pays well too. $150 a month. "At that rate,Ill be able to get that land soon enough. Aint that right," I asked Candy? "Wesure are," he replied with enthusiasm. As we stepped into the complex, the firstthing I saw was the reception desk with a young, pretty, receptionist sittingbehind the desk, polishing her nails. Lennie would have enjoyed ceremonial occasion her Ipondered. She asked us what we wanted, and I told her that we were just here tofind out bout the job. After getting a quick overview and job description, Iwas ready to toy right away. Candy was also lucky enough to get hired as anurse for $100 a month. I stepped into the bedroom and I saw about 25 kidssitting around a middle-aged man, lis tening to a story. As I stepped in, thestory teller stepped over to me and told me what I had to do. Educate them andtalk to them. That was it. I was getting paid $150 just to teach a group ofhandicapped kids. I sat down adjoining to the story teller, Bob, and I looked aroundand carefully observed them. As I did this, I could see Lennies face flashingin my mind. What was happening to me. Why couldnt he just leave me alone. Isurvived through my first day of work, reluctantly. The hospital also providedhousing. That night, I had the most horrible dream of my life. I could seeLennie fondle hundreds of rabbits, one at a time. But he was crying andscreaming in rage. The rabbits were dying. "George, why do they die? Dont letthem die George, please. Can I still tend the rabbits? I know I done a badthing," exclaimed Lennie. I got up, screaming. "Lennie, please leave me alone,please," I asked. It was silent. Nobody was awake. I looked the likes of a completenut with all tho se kids, including Candy, staring at me. Candy just went back tosleep. He was the only one that could understand the pain that I was goingthrough. This happened to me several nights after the first nightmare. Each onewould consist of rabbits, lots of them, and Lennie.

Fiscal Federalism in India Essay

India is the largest democracy with federal form of government. The financial arrangements in India catch evolved in a quasi-federal scheme to collect the takements of centimeralise planning in a mixed economy structure and their sources of taxation for both snapper and State were clearly demarcated with opine to the financial affinity and the responsibilities mingled with them. Our constitution provides residual powers to the nitty-gritty and halts clear division of financial powers mingled with the Centre and the State Governments. Through various source of tax to government, the physical composition of India provides for the establishment of a pay focussing for the purpose of aloneocation of real resources of revenue enhancement between the joint and the State Governments. The pay direction is established to a lower place Article 280 of the Constitution of India by the President. The Article 264 and 293 explain the financial relations between the Union a nd the State Government.Although the states have been assigned certain taxes which are levied and calm by them, they in addition share in the revenue of certain union taxes and there are certain opposite taxes which are levied and collected by the primaeval Government but whole coming back are transferred to the states. In India, the Centre-State financial relationship relates to the dispersal of power in resource mobilization between the Centre and States as also the sharing of step to the forego responsibilities. During the last decade the disparities widened among the States which became economic aloney and politically important. This situation resulted imputable to globalization and privatization by which certain States enjoy owing(p) advantages over the separate. The most important and buoyant revenue sources are assigned to the Union Government, tour major expenditure responsibilities rest with the State government, which take anguish of the social and economic sec tors.Hence, in the federal structure, there is the possibility of conflicts in sharing the revenue and expenditure of both the governments. While the State governments in India collects around one-third of the total tax revenue accruing to the government sector, their expenditure obligations are disproportionately high, accounting for three fourths of the aggregate social expenditure and more than one-half of the aggregate expenditure on economic services. To enable the States to carry fall out their expenditure respective responsibilities, the finance cathexis is assigned with the task of recommending the transfer of resources from theCentre to the States. financial imbalance Viz., good or even fiscal imbalance appears very often in the countries with de fundamentalized fiscal systems. Removal of these fiscal imbalances of the States by optimizing social welfare of the economy is to remove the fiscal balance in the inter-government transfers from the Centre by finance deputat ion entrusted in equalization of transfers of funds correspond to the economic requirement irrespective of the political parties ruling. The real challenge of whatever fede symmetryn is to eliminate intra-regional vertical and even fiscal inequalities. This paper analyzes these aspects of vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalance in federal India and the way out to the problem to development path.1. FISCAL FEDERALISMAs a subfield of normal economics, fiscal federalism is concerned with sense which functions and instruments are best centralized and which is best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government (Oates, 1999). In another(prenominal) words, it is the study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are allocated crossways different (vertical) layers of the administ ration. An important part of its subject matter is the system of transfer payments or grants by which a central government shares its revenues with lower leve ls of government. As in the for the first time place defined by Musgrave (1959) and Oats (l972), fiscal federalism concerns the division of public sector functions and funds among different tiers of government.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FISCAL FEDERALISM IN INDIAIndia has a federal form of government, and therefrom a federal finance system. The essence of federal form of government is that the Centre and the State Governments should be free of each provided with sources of raising adequate revenues to run through the functions entrusted to it. For the successful operation of the federal form of government financial independence and adequacy form the backbone. India possesses a federal structure with a clear tuberosity between the Centre and the States functions. India is the largest democracy with federal form of government. The fiscal arrangements in India have evolved in a quasi-federal system tomeet the requirements of centralized planning in a mixed economy framework. The foundi ng fathers of our Indian Constitution were deeply concerned about ensuring the unity and integrity of the country. They were aware of the forces of kerfuffle and disunity working within the country. The dangers at the time of independence were handled by a strong government at the Centre.1.3 HISTORY OF FISCAL FEDERALISMIndian federal system is about sixty divisions old, compared to more than two centuries of the United States or Switzerland or Canada. The federal character of public finance in India has its origin as far as the seventies of the last century. Although at that time the country had a unitary form of government, some division of functions and financial powers between the focalize and the state was found administratively desirable. Ever since past the arrangements have been revised and improved from time to time. financial federalism entails the division of responsibilities in respect of taxation and public expenditure among the different layers of the government, n amely the Center, the states and the local bodies.1.4 OBJECTIVE OF FISCAL FEDERALISM pecuniary federalism helps governmental organization to realize cost efficiency by economies of scale in providing public services, which corresponds most closely to the preference of the people. From the point of view of economy, it creates a unified common market, which promotes greater economic activity. The federal system has served extremely good for India to promote their democracy, to strengthen the national unity and to achieve economic progress to the nation completely.1.5 REASON OF FISCAL FEDERALISM IN INDIAFiscal structure provides balanced sources of revenue and expenditure .Fiscal challenges of vertical and horizontal imbalances play an important role to balance the fiscal condition between the steels. To overcome the fiscal redressed our Constitution has created an institution called the Finance Commission, which is an independent Constitutional body, appointed after all five years.2 LEGISLATIVE LISTThe Seventh Schedule (Article 246) delineates the subject matter of rightfulnesss train by the Parliament and by the Legislatures of the states and indicates the* Union List (List I)* states List (List II)* Concurrent List (List tierce).2.1 UNION LISTList I invests the union with all functions of national richness such as defense, external affairs, communications, constitution, organization of the Supreme Court and the high courts, elections etc.2.2 STATES LISTList II invests the states with a number of important functions speck on the life and welfare of the people such as public order, police, local government, public health, agriculture, land etc.2.3 CONCURRENT LISTList III is a concurrent List, which let ins administration of justice, economic and social planning, trade and commerce, etc.2.4 IMPORTANCE OF LEGISLATIVE LISTSAccording to Article 246, Seventh Schedule, Parliament has exclusive powers to take laws determineing matters enumerated in List I, not withstanding the provisions of the other clauses of this Article. On the other hand, the Legislature of any state has exclusive power to make laws for the state regarding any of the matters enumerated in List II, subject to other clauses. With regard to List III, both the Parliament and a State Legislature can make laws but the law listed in I or III, vests with the Union. Thus, the Union has supremacy over a wide range of the legislative field.These lists include the powers of taxation also. The union List includes among others, taxes on income other than agricultural income, move duties, customs and corporation tax. The State list includes land revenue, excise on Alcoholic liquors, tax on agricultural incomes, body politic craft, taxes on sale or purchase of goods, taxes on vehicles, on professions, on luxuries, on entertainment, on stamp duties, etc. the concurrent list does not include any important taxes.3 pay COMMISSION OF INDIAThe Finance Commission of India came into exi stence in 1951. It was established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the President ofIndia. It was formed to define the financial relations between the centre and the state. The Finance Commission Act of 1951 states the terms of qualification, appointment and disqualification, the term, eligibility and powers of the Finance Commission. As per the Constitution, the electric charge is appointed every five years and consists of a chairman and four other members. Since the institution of the first finance cathexis, stark changes have occurred in the Indian economy causing changes in the macroeconomic scenario. This has led to major changes in the Finance Commissions recommendations over the years. Till date, Thirteen Finance Commissions have submitted their explanations.3.1 FUNCTIONS OF FINANCE COMMISSIONFunctions of the Finance Commission can be explicitly stated as * dispersion of net proceeds of taxes between Centre and the States, to be divided as per their respect ive partings to the taxes. * Determine factors governing Grants-in Aid to the states and the magnitude of the same. * Work with the State Finance Commissions and suggest measures to augment the Consolidated Fund of the States so as to provide superfluous resources to Panchayats and Municipalities in the state.3.2 Procedures and Powers of the CommissionThe Commission has the power determine their own procedure and * Have all powers of the civil court as per the Court of Civil Procedure, 1908. * Can summon and enforce the attendance of any witness or ask any person to deliver information or produce a document, which it deems relevant. * Can ask for the production of any public record or document from any court or office. * Shall be deemed to be a civil court for purposes of Sections 480 and 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.3.3 CONSTITUITIONAL POSITION OF FINANCE COMMISSIONAccording to the word 280 of the constitution finance commission is established to care the revenues between the states and center and among the states. Article 280 finance commission1. The president shall within two years from the commencement of this constitution and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year or at suchearlier time as the president considers necessary, by order constitute a finance commission which shall consist of a chairman and four other members to be appointed by the president. 2. Parliament may b law determine the qualification which shall be requisite for appointment as members of the commission and the manner in which they shall be selected. 3. It shall be the vocation of the commission to make recommendations to the president as to a. The distribution between the union and the states of the net proceeds of taxes which are to be, or may be, divided between them under this chapter and the allocation between the states of the respective shares of such proceeds.3.4 THERTEEN FINANCE COMMISSIONS OF INDIA3.4.1 First Finance CommissionThe First Finance Co mmission was appointed by the President on November 20, 1951, which was chaired by Mr. K.C. Neogy. Other members of the commission included Mr. V.P. Menon, Mr. R. Kaushalendra Rao, Dr. BK Madan and Mr. M.U. Rangachari. After Mr. V.P. Menons resignation on February 18, 1952, Mr. V.L. Mehta was appointed as a member. The commission was asked to make recommendations regardingRecommendations* Allocations of income tax and Union Excise Duties and tax sharing. * Amounts payable as Grants- in-Aid to the States in need of Assistance under the substantive portion of Clause 1 of Article275. * Grants-in-Aid to certain States in topographic point of their share of export duty on jute and jute products according to Article 273 Continuation or adjustment of the terms of agreement with Part B States under Article 278 (1) or under Article 306. upright distribution* The share of States in the proceeds of income tax was to be 55 per cent.* The share of centre was 45%.* The First Commission recommen ded that shares of States in the Union excise duties be 40 per cent of the proceeds of the tax on three commodities, 25 per cent of the proceeds of the tax on eight commodities and 20 per cent of the proceeds of the tax on 35 commodities, respectively.Horizontal distributionAs far as Horizontal scattering is concerned, following formula was followed for revenue distribution among the statesDistribution formula* Population 80%.* Residual weight age of 20% given to contribution.No recommendations regarding grants for meeting capital requirements of the state were do by the commission. The Commission provided Grants in- Aid (under Article 273) to only four states, namely, Assam Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. However, Grants were provided to many states under Substantive Portion of Article 275 (1) and under the head of Primary genteelness grants.3.4.2 Second Finance CommissionThe Second Finance Commission was constituted by President Rajendra Prasad, on June 1, 1956. The Commission w as chaired by Shri K. Santhanam and consisted of Shri Ujjal Singh, Shri L.S. Misra (Retired Chief Justice, Hyderabad), Shri M.V. Rangachari and Dr. B.N. Ganguli, as its other members.The Commission was asked to make the following recommendationsRECOMMENDATIONS* Grants-in-Aid to certain States, in need of assistance under Article 275, having regard to the requirements of Second Five Year end and the efforts made by those states to raise additional revenue. * Allocation of Estate Duty and Tax on Railway Passenger Fares proposed to be levied by the Railway Passenger Fares Bill, 1957, introduced in the Lok Sabha on 15 May 1957. * Grants-in-Aid to the States of Assam, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal, to compensate for their share of the export duty on jute and jute products as per Article 273. * The principles which should govern the distribution under obligate 269 of the net proceeds of estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land, levied by the Government of India in the States within which such duty is leviable.* Revisions, if any, of the rates of interest on loans made by the Centre to the States between August 15, 1947 to March 31, 1956 and their terms of repayment. The phenomenal growth of the Union loans to the States justified such adjustments. * Apportionments of the net proceeds of the additional Excise Duties proposed to be levied in view of States Sales Taxes on the mill made textiles, sugar and tobacco, and the amounts which should be assured to the States as the income now derived by them from the charge on these commodities and the States Sales Tax (which is to be replaced by the additional duty of excise).vertical distributionDespite the receding contribution by the Income Tax to the devolution of revenue to the States, the Commission recommended an increase in the per cent of the net proceeds to the States from 55 to 60, and the share of the Union Territories should be 1 per cent. constituent of centre was 40% to 45%.Horizontal distributionIt was recommended that the distribution of the share of Income tax among the States should be 10 per cent on the buttocks of battle array and 90 per cent of the basis of population, thereby giving greater importance to population than it was earlier. As far as the allocation to the States from the Union duties of excise on matches, tobacco, vegetable products, tea, coffee, sugar, paper and vegetable non-essential oils was concerned, the Commissionconsidered that it should be 25 per cent.3.4.3 The Third Finance CommissionThe Third Finance Commission was appointed in the year 1960, for the period 1960-64, by the President and was chaired by Shri A.K. Chanda and the its members were - Shri Govinda Menon, Shri Dwijendra Nath Roy, Prof. M.V. Mathur, Shri G.R. Kamat, Member Secretary. The Commission was asked to make recommendations to the President with regard to the following- * On account of Tax sharing between the Centre and the State and allocation of Income Tax and key Excise Duties.* Under Article 275, Grants-in-Aid to States in need of assistance, other than the sums specified in the provisos to Clause of article 275 a) With regard to the requirements of third five-year plan b) Secondly, with regard to the efforts to be made by those states to raise additional revenue amount . * Allocation of duties, namely, additional excise duty and estate duty. * The manner of distribution of adhoc Grants in-lieu of tax on Railway Passenger Fares With regard to the TOR the following were the recommendations made by the FC- The Finance Commission recommended the formulation of an independent commission to assess the tax potential of each state. horizontal distributionIncome Tax With regard to the divisible pool of income tax among the states the FC adopted the criterion of the first FC that 80% be distributed on the basis of population and 20% on the basis of collection. The recommended constituent share of the states in divisible pool of the Income Tax M aharashtra 13.41, Bihar 9.33, Punjab 4.49, Uttar Pradesh 14.12, Kerala 3.55 Union Excise Duty With regard to the distribution of the proceeds of UED the FC decided to cover all commodities on the existing list. It recommended that 20% of the net proceeds of UED on all commodities on which such duties were collected and the yield of which exceeded Rs. 50 lakhs in1960-61 should be allocated to the state. Vertical distributionCommission recommended an increase in the per cent of the net proceeds to the States from 60% top 75%.share of centre was reduced to 35% to 40%.revenue distribution formulaThe share of each state in the distribution of UED was opinionated by the Commission on the basis of population and it rejected consumption as the basis of distribution due to two major reasons A. Reliable entropy on consumption wasnt available.B. As it would have given advantage to the more urbanized and financially stronger states. Percentage share of the 20% of proceeds of the UED for certain major states were- Maharashtra 5.73, Bihar 11.56, Punjab 6.71, Uttar Pradesh 10.68, Kerala 5.46 Additional Duties of Excise The GOI in consultation with the state governments, decided that an AED be levied on mill-made textiles, sugar, tobacco, rayon among others and the net proceeds of which should be distributed among them subject to then income derived by each state being assured to it. The Commission rejected this contention as the rates of sales taxes had been revised by them since then.The commission distributed the guaranteed amount of Rs. 32.54 crores among the States and the be amount was distributed, first, on the basis of the percentage increase in the collection of sales tax in each state since 1957- 58 when AED were imposed and then on the basis of the population. The Act imposing a tax on the railway passenger fares was repealed after the Third Finance Commission had been constituted. Hence, the commission was asked to make recommendations on the principl e on which the ad hoc grant should be distributed among the states. The commission adopted the principle of compensation based on which the grants should be distributed.3.4.4 The Fourth Finance Commission of IndiaThe Fourth Finance Commission was constituted on May 18, 1964, under the chairmanship of Dr. P.V. Rajamannar. Other members of the Commission included Shri Mohan Lal Gautam Shri D.G. Karve Prof. Bhabatosh Datta Shri P.C. Mathew, Member Secretary. The Commission suggested in its report that there should be greater co-ordination between the Centre and the States in common financial interests for which it recommended the establishment of a permanent organization in the Ministry of Finance.RecommendationsHorizontal and vertical distributions were similar to the third finance commission. The changes to be made in the principles governing thedistribution of the net proceeds in any financial year of the additional excise duties levied on commodities, namely, cotton fabrics, silk f abrics, woolen fabrics, sugar and tobacco- in replacement in the States tax formerly levied by the state governments.3.4.5 The Fifth Finance Commission of IndiaThe Fifth Finance Commission was constituted by the President of India on March 15, 1968. The Terms of Reference of the Fifth Finance Commission were wider than those of the earlier ones. asunder from the matters referred to in the earlier Commissions, this Commission was required to * Examine the desirability or otherwise of maintaining the existing arrangements in regard to additional excise duties levied in lieu of Sales Tax and the scope for extension of such arrangements to other items. * To inquire into the unauthorized overdrafts of the States and recommend the procedure for avoiding such overdrafts.* Examine the scope for raising revenue from taxes and duties mentioned in Article 269, the scope for States in raising additional revenue from their sources as well their scope for better fiscal management and economy in expenditure, and make a comprehensive study of the States expenditure on various subjects. * Grants-in-aid recommended under Article 275 (1) are to be for purposes other than the requirements of the Five Year Plan, and while making its recommendations, the Commission was called upon to have regard to the resources of the Central Government and the demands thereon on account of expenditure on civil administration, defense, debt servicing, etc. * The Commission was asked for the first time to indicate the basis of its findings and make available relevant information. Since then these were made clear in the Terms of Reference of every consequent Finance Commission.3.4.6 The Sixth Finance Commission of IndiaThe Sixth Finance Commission was incorporated in the year 1973 consisting of Shri K. Brahmananda Reddi as the chairman and the following four other Members, namely-Shri Justice Syed Sadat Abal Masud, Dr. B.S. Minhas, dr. I.S. Gulati, Shri G. Ramachandran, Member Secretary.Recommenda tionsThe States demanded the inclusion body of corporation tax into the divisibleincome tax and 1005 allocation of the net proceeds to them. The commission expressed that such inclusion was constitutionally forbidden but it can be reviewed by National Development Council.vertical distributionStates share was increase from 75% to 80% due to the decrease in the divisible pool as the arrears of the advance tax collection had been cleared. Share of centre was reduced to 25% to 30%.3.4.7 The Seventh Finance Commission of IndiaIntroductionThe Seventh Finance Commission was incorporated in the year 1978 consisting of Shri J.M. Shelat as the chairman and the following four other Members, namely-Dr. Raj Krishna Dr. C.H. Hanumantha Rao Shri H.N. jibe Shri V.B. Eswaran, Member Secretary.Vertical distributionThe share of the states in the net proceeds should be raised to 85% excepting the share of the Union Territories which would be 2.19% of net proceeds. Share of centre was reduced to 15%.H orizontal distributionThe inter distribution between the states should include 10% contribution factor and rest 90% would be on basis of population.3.4.8 one-eighth Finance Commission of IndiaThe Eighth Finance Commission was constituted by the President of India, on April 28, 1984 under the chairmanship of Shri Y.B. Chavan. The commission also consisted of the following members Shri Justice Sabya Sachi Mukherjee Dr. C.H. Hanumantha Rao Shri G.C. Baveja Shri A.R. Shirali Shri Justice T.P.S. Chawla Shri N.V. Krishnan, Secretary.It was asked to make recommendations on * The distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the union and the states which are to be or may be divided between them under chapter 1 of Part XII of the constitution and allocation between the states of the respective shares of the same The principles which govern the grants in aid of the revenues of the states out of the Consolidated Fund of India and the amount to be paid to the needy States which seeks assistanc e by way of grants in aid of their revenues under Article 275 of the constitution for purposes other than those specified in the provisions toclause (i) of that article.* The commission is to examine the possibility for increasing revenue from the taxes and duties mentioned in article 269 of the constitution but which are not levied at present. It will probe into the scope for enhancing revenue from the duties mentioned in the article 268. Making an assessment of the non plan capital gap of the states on a consistent and comparable basis for the 5 years ending with 1988-89 also comes under its agenda. It will review the policy and arrangement in regards to the financing of relief expenditure by the States affected by natural calamities and make appropriate suggestions. The commission shall make its report by October 31, 1986 on each of the matters aforesaid. The major objective of the Eighth Finance Commission was to reduce interstate disparities through their scheme of devolution.3 .4.9 The Ninth Finance Commission of IndiaThe Ninth Finance Commission was set up in June 1987 under the chairmanship of Mr. N.K.P Salve along with the following members Shri Justice Abdus Sattar Qureshi Dr. Raja J. Chelliah Shri Lal Thanhawla Shri Mahesh Prasad Shri S. Venkitaramanan Shri Venkitaramanan Shri R. Keishing Shri K.V.R. Nair. The commission has been asked to adopt a normative approach in assessing the receipts and the expenditures on the revenue account not only of the states but also of the centre with due regard to the special problems of each state and the special requirement of the centre. Generating surpluses on revenue account of both the states and centre for capital investment should also be considered.Changes in the principles that govern the distribution between the union and the states and also the states inter se of the net proceeds of central taxes are to be made. The commission will also make recommendations regarding the principles which should govern the grants in aid of the revenue of the state out of the Consolidated Fund of India. It is to assess the debt position of the states as on March 31, 1989 and suggest corrective measures. In regard to the financing of the relief expenditure by the states affected by natural calamities the commission is to examine the feasibility of establishing a National Insurance Fund to which the state governments may contribute a percentage of their revenue receipts. The governments decision to accept all the major recommendations of this commission which would bring substantial benefits to the stateduring the eighth five-year plan period (especially in relation to debt relief) shows the upper hand enjoyed by this body.3.4.10 The ten percent Finance Commission of IndiaThe Tenth Finance Commission was incorporated in the year 1995 consisting of Shri Krishna Chandra Pant as the Chairman and the following four other Members, namely Dr. Debi Prosad Pal, Member of Parliament, Member Shri B.P.R. Vithal, Member Dr. C. Rangarajan, Member Shri M.C. Gupta, Member Secretary.RecommendationsThe share of the Union Territories would not be goaded on the grounds used for state share but it would be decided on the basis of population solely. The percentage would be 0.927% for the years 1995-2000. The proceeds from the penalties and interest recover under the miscellaneous receipts should be included in to the divisible income tax pool as recommended by Ninth commission with effect from 1 April 1995. Vertical distributionThe share of the net proceeds would be 77.5% for five years was given to states and 23.5% share was given to centre.HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUITIONDistribution of the net proceeds among states would be as follows-* 20% on the basis of population of 1971* 60% on basis of distance of per capita income* 5% on basis of area adjusted* 5% on basis of infrastructure index* 10% on basis of tax effort3.4.11 The Eleventh Finance Commission of IndiaThe Eleventh Finance Commission was appointed by the President on July 3, 1998 for the period 2000-05.It was chaired by Prof. A.M. Khusro and its members were Shri N.C Jain, Shri J.C Jetly, Dr. Amaresh Bagchi, Shri T.N. Srivastava The Commission was asked to make recommendations to the President with regard to the following- * With regard to Chapter I of Part XII of the Constitution, the distribution between the Centre and the States of the net proceeds of taxes and the allocation between the States of the shares ofthese proceeds.* The principles governing the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India and with regard to article 275- the sums to be paid to the States which are in need of assistance by way of grants-in-aid of their revenues for purposes other than those specified in the provisos to clause (1) of that article. * With regard to the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the re sources of the Panchayats and Municipalities in the State. * Suggestions for a restructuring of the public finances so as to restore budgetary balance and maintain macro-economic stability.Vertical distributionThe total share of the States in the net proceeds of central taxes and duties would be 29.5 per cent for the next five years. Share of the centre was 71.5%.3.4.12 The Twelfth Finance Commission of IndiaThe Twelfth Finance Commission was appointed on 1 November 2002 to make recommendations on the distribution of net proceeds of sharable taxes between union and states. The commission was headed by veteran economist of India, C. Rangarajan. The commission submitted its report on 30 November 2004 and covered the period from 2005 to 2010.Major Recommendations of 12th Finance Commission* Macro-economic stabilityThe total Fiscal Deficit for Centre & states to be reduced to 3% of GDP. The total tax-GDP ratio of both centre& states to be increased to 17.6% of GDP in 2009-10. The revenu e deficit for the centre& states combined to be reduced to 0% by 2008.* Distribution of Union TaxThe total share of states in the total sharable central taxes to be fixed at 30.5% and the share of states will come down to 29.5% if the states levy sales tax on sugar, textiles & tobacco.* Grants to local bodiesThe total grant that will have to given to the states for panchayati raj institutions and local urban bodies for the period of 2005-09 will be Rs20000 crores& Rs 5000 crores respectively.* casualty Relief FundThe calamity relief fund scheme will continue as it was in the previous plans with central & states contributing in the ratio of 75 25. The size of fund will be Rs 21333 crore for the period of 2005-10..3.4.13 thirteenth Finance Commission1. The share of states in the net proceeds of the shareable Central taxes should be 32%.This is 1.5% higher than the recommendation of 12th Finance Commission. 2. Revenue deficit to be progressively reduced and eliminated, followed by rev enue surplus by 2013-14. 3. Fiscal deficit to be reduced to 3% of the GDP by 2014-15. 4. A target of 68% of GDP for the combined debt of centre and states. 5. The Medium Term Fiscal Plan(MTFP)should be reformed and made the statement of commitment rather than a statement of intent.6. FRBM Act need to be amended to mention the nature of shocks which shall require targets relaxation. 7. Both centre and states should conclude Grand Bargain to implement the model Goods and Services Act(GST).To incentivise the states, the commission recommended a sanction of the grant of Rs 50000 crore. 8. Initiatives to reduce the number of Central Sponsored Schemes(CSS)and to restore the predominance of formula based plan grants. 9. States need to address the problem of losses in the power sector in time funk manner.3.5 CURRENT REVENUE SHAIRING FORMULAThe scope of the FCs broadened over time as they were assigned several other issues on government finances, particularly those relating to augmentation of State integrating Funds to supplementing the resources of local bodies and debt-related issues. The approach of successive FCs varied as they addressed concerns raised by States from time to time regarding the composition of the divisible pool of central taxes and inter se distribution criteria. Recent constitutional changes have simplified the sharing arrangement of the divisible pool of Central taxes by clubbing all shareable Central taxes and excise duties. While determining the formula for horizontal distribution of inter se shares of States, various FCs attempted to correct the differentials in revenue capableness and cost disability factorsinherent in the economies of States, while trying to foster fiscal efficiency at the State level.However, differences have been noticed in selection, interpretation and weight of variables that have been used by FCs to prescribe the devolution formula for Central taxes. More recently, the Thirteenth FC has placed greater emphasis on fi scal capacity distance and fiscal discipline, which is expected to facilitate greater convergence among the States. The pattern of transfers through the FC channel shows that the share in Central taxes has persistently been the overriding component of revenue sharing since the First FC. As far as the extent of equalization is concerned, an analysis of transfers as recommended by four successive FCs (from the Tenth to the Thirteenth) shows that it was the highest in the case of the Eleventh FC as the gap between recommended and benchmark transfers was minimum.Fiscal distance index is aimed at equalizing amongst the states the resource envelope for supplies of public services, while the fiscal efforts index is to minimize the moral hazard in such equalization payouts by incentivizing the tax efforts of the states. Area and population are indicative of the fiscal needs of the states. Such an institutional arrangement has served the country well. The reports of all past twelve Finance Commissions were unanimously accepted by the Parliament and the country The horizontal distribution is considered with certain basic formula, where the formula is based on objective and transparent parameters. The preferred parameters are* area* population* fiscal efforts index* Fiscal distance index

Psychodynamic Personality Theories Analysis Essay

There atomic number 18 a number of diverse scientific personality theories. All theories argon a reflection of their authors personal backgrounds, childhood experiences, philosophy of life, interpersonal kindreds, and unique manner of looking at the world (Feist & Feist, 2006). Personality disparitys among theorists account for thorough disagreements mingled with those who lean toward the quantitative berth of psychology behaviorists, social learning theorists, and trait theorists and those inclined toward the clinical and qualitative side of psychology psychoanalysts, humanists, and existentialists (Feist & Feist, 2006).Individual mental TheoryIndividual Psychological theory is defined as, a modified system of psychoanalysis, developed by Alfred Adler, that views maladaptive behavior and personality disorders as resulting from a conflict between the desire to dominate and feelings of inferiority (Agnes, 2004, p. 751). Individual psychology affects individual personalities in many flairs. According to Boeree, (2006), Freuds defenses provide protection of the ego against instinctual demands, whereas Adlers safeguards protect the self esteem from threats by outside demands and problems of life. It is not against instinctual demands that people have to safeguard themselves, it is that their self esteem is suffering, because they have a feeling that they shadowernot meet the demands of life that come from the outside. falsifications are used both to provide protection of the Ego against instinctual demands the Freudian idea is that the Id doesnt want to feel distressingness so it motivates the Ego to use defense mechanisms to defend it from anxiety, and as a safeguard to protect the self esteem from threats by outside demands and the many problems of life. Defense mechanisms are ways in which the Ego deals with conflicts within the psyche. Adler believed that feelings of inferiority, mostly subconscious, combined with compensatory defense mechanisms p layed the largest role in determining behavior, particularly behavior of the pathologic sort. Adlers theory of individual psychology stressed the need to discover the root cause of feelings of inferiority, to assist the increase of a strong Ego and thereby help the individual eliminate neurotic defense mechanisms.Individual Psychological Influence on Interpersonal RelationshipsSocial problems of adulthood are the realities of friendship, comradeship and social contact those of ones occupation or profession and those of love and marriage. It is failure to face and meet them directly which results in neurosis and perhaps in mental ill-health which has been defined in simple terms as madness, badness and sadness. It has been well said that the neurotic turns half-away from life, while the insane person turns his back on it it may be added that those possessed of sufficient social courage face it (Boeree, 2006).There is only one reason for a person to side-step to the useless side the fear of defeat on the useful side his flight from the solution of one of the social problems of life. If the person is unprepared for social living he go out not continue his path to self-actualization on the socially useful side instead of confronting his problems he will try to gain distance from them.Analytical PsychologyAnalytical psychology was developed by a colleague of Freud named Carl Gustav Jung. Jung believed that distributively of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but withal by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited by our ancestors (Feist & Feist, 2006). It was also Jungs belief that it was those inherited images that made up what he called the collective unconscious. The basic assumption of his theory is that the most important part of the normal human psyche is the personal unconscious. However, for the psyche to be whole there must be consistent communication between the unconscious and conscious parts. The principle that dreams show em otions, ideas, and beliefs is also crucial.Although individuals may not be aware of these feelings, they should be because they will be expressed through visual metaphors, personalized vocabulary and most exclusively their dreams. Analytical psychology is establish on the concept that there is a difference between the personal and collective unconscious. According to Jung, our collective unconscious is made up of arche pillow slips that are common to all people. The most inclusive arche display case is the stamp of self-realization, which can only be achieved by attaining a balance between various opposing forces of personality (Feist & Feist, 2006).Objects RelationsMelanie Klein, is known for the modern theories of object relations, which mainly pairs the buzz off as the principal object. Klein studied children from a very early age and she thought the age between four to six months was critical in the development of object relations. This stage is when the infants drives of hung er, sex, and needs are directed to an object. Examples of these objects include breast, vagina, and penis. If the child receives what they want from the object, they will accept and love the object, but if they are not devilting what they want, they will reject the object. Many theorists including Klein agree that failure to develop relationships early in life will result in relationship issues in the future. Object Relations Theory developed by Melanie Klein is an offspring to Freuds instinct theory, but it differs because it places less emphasis on biologically based drives and more importance on consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships. Object relations theory tends to be more maternal, stressing the intimacy and nurturing of the mother. Object relations theorists generally stop human contact and relatedness-not sexual pleasure-as the prime motive of human behavior (Feist & Feist, 2006).Psychoanalytic Social TheoryPsychoanalytic Social Theory was developed by Karen Ho rney. This theory affects individual personalities by the culture of the individual. Horney believed that, while genetics were important to personality, cultural experiences were more important. These experiences determined whether someone was normal or neurotic. All individuals call for certain needs, such as love and affection. Whether or not these needs were met affected the individuals relationship with others. This theory influences interpersonal relationships by way of how basic hostility and anxiety change relationships. People either move away from others, towards them, or against them. When the defenses are based on normal reactions, they are spontaneous. When they are based on neuroses, they are compulsive and destructive (Feist and Feist, 2006).Interpersonal Theorys Affect on Individual PersonalitiesThe interpersonal theory is the communication between two people that is more than just a spur of the moment conversation. This theory of conversation will set goals for aper son that they want to set up with their interpersonal relationship. The Interpersonal Theory of conversation achieves messages that offer to initiate, define, maintain, or further a relationship (Daintan.qxd). The communication that is included in the Interpersonal Theory can motivate a persons personality and traits to influence the persons action to be positive or negative. This could be determined by what kind of outcome they are trying to achieve or the goals they want to reach.The way that an Interpersonal Theory can affect someone is a deject persons negative interpersonal behavior causes other people to reject them(Nemade n.d.). This action creates a cycle for the depressed person to have their symptoms get worse because of the rejection that they receive from the other people. The depressed person wants reassurance from these people that have rejected them and without this reassurance will become more depressed. The Interpersonal treatment by a psychologist helps to revers e the cycle for the depressed person with reassurance in interpersonal communication which will included in their treatment plan for most depressed type of personalities in people.ConclusionTheories vary from one theorist to another depending on the personal experiences the thinker has created. While each theory has many things in common, each theory also has its own identifiable markings. Freud with his Psychoanalytical Theory, Adler with his Individual Psychology Theory, Jung and his Analytical Psychology Theory, Klein and her Object Relations Theory, Horney with her Psychoanalytic Social Theory and ultimately Sullivan and his Interpersonal Theory. Each theory is influenced by its creators perceptions and understandings of the world around them.ReferencesAgnes, Michael (2004). Websters New World College Dictionary (4th ed.). Cleveland, OhioWiley Publising.Boeree, G. C. (2006). Personalities Theory/Alfred Adler. Retrieved July 24, 2009, fromhttp//webspace.ship.eduDainton.qxd (9-16 -2004) Explaining Theories of Interpersonal chat retrieved July 20, 2009 Website http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/4984_Dainton_Chapter_3.pdfFeist, J. & Feist, G. (2006). Theories of Personality (6th Edition). University ofPhoenixCustom Edition e-text. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from University of Phoenix,rEsource, PSY405- Interdisciplinary Capstone Course Web site.Klee, T. D. (2009). Object Relations Theory. Retrieved July 26, 2009, from Object Relations http//www.objectrelations.org/orkey.htmNemade, R. (n.d.) Depression Major Depression and Unipolar Varieties retrieved July 23, 2009 website http//www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=13003&cn

The California-Illini Manufacturing Company’s (Ci)

The California-Illini Manufacturing Companys (CI) Q1. What is the firms hawkish strategy? Does the strategy seem appropriate? In the strictest sense, competitive strategy refers to how a company can gain a competitive advantage through a market while finding a distinctive way of competing. California-Illini Manufacturing Company is able to compete in the Global application because they atomic number 18 handmade tillage and cultivating tools and they argon American made they use expensive metal pieces and are hand metal forged, along with using manual of arms electric arc welders.There is in most every market the opportunity for handmade products, for example Lamborghini cars are hand made vehicles, which are more expensive, just because of the extensive labor they are considered to be better built. The industry however, is very competitive in American and the global market, and there are cheaper options available. With that said I think there is still a substantial market for the rugged, handmade, American tools and they should stick to their design strategy and use their family built, third- Generation Company known for the choice of tools as their trademark. Q2.What motivated the cost step-down strategy? Did the cost reduction strategy work? Why? The cost reduction strategy occurred because during the early to mid(prenominal) 1980s during President Reagans first term an economic discomfitturn struck companies, this depressed market caused many businesses like CI to struggle. Their inventory was down and the cash flow was poor, the company began to look into cutting cost, increasing prices, technology and productivity. In the short run (1989) the cost cutting strategy failed, operating expenses were up 20%, along with plusd inventories by 24% and net profits continued to slipQ3. How did CIs standard cost system affect the cost reduction strategy? CIs cost system was developed to measure performance and profit potential, each materials and labor input i s given and production animal trainers are demanded to meet or improve the standards. In the end the new PCIC manager suggested increasing the job lots from 100 to 150 rather than the 6,000. The company contumacious to remain loyal to their old performance cost system instead of taking an alternative approach which may have helped CI. The process seems to be bewildered and they are just blindly following the approach to measuring performance.The cost reduction strategy seemed to be well meaning, and had the opportunity for success BUT, CI was chain to old ideas and old ways of thinking, past successes dont always ensure future success. Q4. What is the role of add-process in the cost reduction strategy? The work-in process was classical in the implementation of the cost reduction strategy. In General, there are three stages of cost of goods Raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods. The cost of each stage includes materials cost, labor cost, and overhead. Th e cost reduction strategy needs to cut the cost from every stage.Work-in-process is very important. There are always many step during work-in-process, such as setup and Assembly. We can cut cost by using economic sizes, shorting routine time, and decreasing variances. In this case, the company planned to increase batch sizes to improve productivity. The short-time result was impressive because plant efficiency measures rose about 15%. But it also caused some negative effects. In golf club to improve efficiency measures, departments kept processing large lots regardless of current demand. It brought much storage expense, overtime expense and it made scheduling difficult.All these cost play a negative effect in the cost reduction strategy. Q5. Is the new (PCIC) manager on the right track with the smaller lot sizes? Yes, the PCIC manager is on the right track. Now the company has a big problemInventories increased by 24% and net profits continued to deteriorate. The current aim of processing job lots 6. 000 is a main reason to cause this problem. It produced large batches when the demand is not that high. So it is an effective way to solve the problem by reducing the processing job lots. But the big change from 6000 to 100 or 150 cannot make sure the stability of the company.It needs to be reconsidered. By managing the constraints, they are not over producing and instituteing inventory levels for products that wont sell. Q6. What steps is the PCIC likely to take now? The final goal is to increase the profits. The most important things are to improve operations and increase sales volume. Firstly, reduce the processing job lots and control lead times. The company should not produce and build inventory levels for products that wont sell. They should provide the high quality productions to customers as soon as possible. Secondly, restore domestic sales. As reported that domestic volume decreased by 11. %.The company should find the reasons and get back the domes tic share. Thirdly, open up new international markets. Q7. What type of cost system should be used at CI? CI should implement a cost system that would be flexible and adhere to the changing market situations and that would be the ABC cost system. grandness should not be based so much on the amount that a company would produce at a given time. CI may have saved so much in input costs while producing a lot within a shorter time but if these products are not what the market needs or wants, everything would just be a waste.

Canters Behavior Essay

Dylan is a five year old boy that from the very bring forth showed disruptive behavior frequently end-to-end the classroom. Dylans teacher has well- documented his actions and she has asked the administrators of the school for support, plus she has also referred Dylan to look at a behavioral evaluation. The teacher has inter pass along with Dylans pargonnts on many occasions and they say his behavior was the same at home. Dylans parents also stated that his disruptive behavior was his way of seeking attention.During this clock sequence Dylans behavior is generally getting more and more disruptive and aggressive. With the teachers observation logs, Dylans is having a rough time playing along with separate pincerren and is having a difficult time following transmitions. Just about every day Dylan is hitting, yelling, or is taking things away from the other childrens hands to get the teacher to come over and see what is wrong. Many of the children have made the decision to igno re him or to just act as in another direction away from him.With his academic skills he is far more behind than the other students in class. Dylan has the knowledge to finish the activities, but he is rarely in the mood to do so. Sometimes the issues begin when the teacher go bads giving everyone there assignment and is working quietly, thats when Dylans behavior genuinely goes through the roof, and when he is told what to do about his behavior. While the disruptive behavior remains the teachers patience with Dylan starts to run very thin and begins to gripe out to every unacceptable behavior that he shows.These actions start to have a negative influence on the attitudes of the remaining students. Most of students start to mimicker Dylans actions while the others students are not finishing their work. This force out result in the teacher needing to spend a lot of time having to deal with Dylans behavior and not having enough time with to teach. Teachers have many avenues to te ach students successfully and professionally take care of unacceptable behaviors. One step would be to use the Canters deportment Management Cycle, into effect (Canters 2006).Canter has three steps first, effectively communicating explicit directions, second, using behavior memoir and third, taking corrective action. When starting to use Canters cycle teachers will need to take the time to use two very important methods at the start of the school year this is going to help minimize disruptive behaviors. One, creates lessons on appropriate behavior for specific parts of the school day, activities, and transitions (Canters p. 31) and second creates a, Responsible Behavior Curriculum, for the first two weeks of the school year (Canters chap. ).This curriculum will set the tone of the class for introducing what is acceptable with appropriate behaviors, and that they are expected to follow the rules from students throughout the school day. Teachers should start with Canters behavioral cycle Dylans teacher needs to start with the first step. The first step will need to that the teacher to communicate clear, specific and detailed directions. The directions are being given to Dylan and he is to follow them precise. When giving directions they need to be quite clear and on point at all costs.The teacher needs to always evade being unclear to the students, if they know what is expected of them they will follow. The teachers directions should contain precisely how the students are to conduct themselves in the classroom. Explicit directions should include the, expectations for student verbal behavior, physical movement, and participation (Canters p. 53). The teacher needs to never make the mistakes of assuming what the students know, what the expectations of their behavior is, and the teacher should always recall the students on a daily basis what is expected of them.The teacher has to have a firm grip on effective talk while having detailed directions, she can continu e on to the next important step. This step involves using Behavioral Narration (Chapter 9), which is how the teacher will positively make a motion Dylan to follow directions. One way of achieving this is to give Dylan and the class as a whole effective positive feedback (Canters p. 58). When giving detailed directions, the teacher should look to mention which student within seconds of giving the directions to see who is really following the directions that were given.The teacher needs to point out who is earshot to the directions and how the students are following the directions. At the arcsecond when Dylan is being difficult the teacher does not need to focus on giving Dylan more attention, but try to focus on the students who are listening and making good choices. When trying to change the un expected behavior the teacher needs to try to use the behavioral narration, which will allow the teacher to reiterate the rules and define the acceptable behavior of students who are maki ng good choices.This will show the students their teacher is mindful of the actions that are taking place and is more than attain to fix any problems that may arise. When the teacher acknowledges the acceptable behaviors and recaps the directions it sets a wonderful start and a positive atmosphere in the room. The class will be regularly recalled on what is expected from their behavior, students are expected to follow the rules, students who were not able to receive or finish their assignment will have time to finish and catch up with the rest of the class.Students will be given a chance to have time to catch up when needing be. With this step it can go the extra mile by setting up an award-system in place. For example, when the directions are given the teacher notices Dylan is sitting where his seat is and he is working on the assignment that was given to him, because the teacher would say to his friends, Look at Dylan he is sitting at his seat and is working on his assignment so nicely I am going to have to give Dylan his extra class point that he earned in class.Ultimately this will revivify Dylan to have more acceptable behaviors and the other students to strive for the goals that are set up for the students to obtain. The last action of the cycle is corrective action taken (Chap. 10). When the direct instructions have been given out, looking to observe the group for ten seconds, reports were made on students that are on the right track, and when Dylan is not following directions then you must use the corrective action. This is done by directive verbal statements or disciplinary consequences (Canters p. 9).The teacher needs to peacefully reaffirm the instructions and notify the students of their penalties and what their actions have caused. This can also let Dylan and the entire class knows and understands that you are very serious about bringing an end to unacceptable behavior. Students need to know, understand, and be aware of the effects for disrupti ng the class and just making unacceptable choices. When the unacceptable behavior remains untouched the procedure needs to be shadowed with the similar reaction.Every time a student shows a disruptive behavior it should be dealt with immediately and that the penalties produced is entirely from the students actions. In order for students to follow the rules must be enforced. Students have to have structure so they can flourish, they need to know what is expected of them on day one. Once a child knows that they cannot get away with disruptive behavior they will tend to not want to misbehave. If there is a reward system they will definitely want to have a reward at the end of the day or week. Consistency is the key to keeping students where they need to be in order to have peace in the room.

The articles’ aims are similar in their exploration

The third essays, Islam is Not the Solution (or the Problem) by Daniel Brumberg, Is There an Moslem Civilization? by Yilmaz Esmer, and The Clash of Civilizations? by Samuel Huntington present a look at civilization as a dominant factor, in particular the role of an Islamic civilization, on a case and global level.The words aims atomic number 18 similar in their exploration of what it means to be a Islamic civilization and the effects this is having and will continue to have frugalally, politically, and culturally for people residing in these countries and nearby.All of the writers, in the course of making and proving their hypotheses, attempt to specify what it is to be a civilization. Civilization, as Samuel Huntington explains, is a cultural entity a civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural individuality people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species (24).Civilizations differ from each other on the lines of history, language, culture, tradition, and religion. In The Clash of Civilizations? Huntington takes a look at western civilizations in relation to non-western civilizations, including but not limited to Islamic civilizations.Huntington states that it is his belief that civilization identity rather than national identity will be of ever increasing importance and that the most important conflicts will occur along cultural disfigurement lines (25). If you read the news from the Middle East on any given day, you can easily see Huntingtons ideas come to life. In Iraq, for instance, the biggest conflicts that now know are not threats from other nations but rather from the inside, particularly along religious lines.Huntington uses primarily history as the springboard for his theories, noting the changes in Islamic and European countries (citing heavily Russia as an example).In Is There an Islamic Civilization? Yilmaz Esmer attempts to use past hypotheses and statistical numbers to show the value indicators, which can define Islamic civilization. He notes in the beginning of his essay that a large majority of people in secular but Islamic-dominated countries will first nominate themselves as Muslim and then identify themselves by their nationhood. I found this very interesting, being an American. I imagine, if you asked any given group of U.S. citizens how they identify themselves, superstar of their first responses would be American and then their religious affiliation.In the course of the article Esmer is able to show through World Values Survey statistics that there are certain defining factors to Islam in connection with values.The most notable differences among Islamic nations and civilizations from non-Islamic nations and civilizations lie in gender equality and the importance of faith. As Huntington notes in his article, economic modernization and social change weaken the nation state as a source of identity. In much of the world religion has moved in to fill this gap (26).Unlike Huntington and Esmers essays, Daniel Brumbergs essay Islam is Not the Solution (or the Problem) does not concentrate on the definition of civilizations, namely Islamic, but rather explores how outstrip the West can work with Islamic civilizations and nations with a large Islamic base to explore democracy and overcome the current autocracies that are the norm. One of the points I found the most interesting about Brumbergs essay was his exploration of the role identity plays in the bridge between democracy and the present autarchy of many Islamic countries. Islam faces a unique challenge in supporting a democracy.As he explains, barriers are so formidable that, for the foreseeable future, any telling engagement with Islamist will require dealing with activists, many of whom espouse ideas profoundly at odds with U.S. notions of democracy and freedom (98). In some of these countries, religion is so imbedded in the political framework it seems almost impossible to extract it. Brumberg makes the case for non-Islamic groups to gain a voice alongside (not instead of) the Islamic majority.From reading the three essays, I am able to draw my own conclusions on Islamic civilization and the role it will play in world politics. I deem it is obvious that there is such a thing as Islamic civilization, as Esmers conclusion and Huntingtons history proves.As noted before, simply image the news on any given night or check out the world news section and there is bound to be an article positive, negative, or neutral on the signs of Islamic civilization in the world. But all of the essays still leave me wondering whats next? Will, as Brumberg advocates, the Islamic states shed their autocracies and allow non-Islamic interest groups to gain a hold in governing these nations? Will the ideological breaks between civilizations cause even bigger breaks in spite of appearance?Works CitedBrumberg, Daniel. Islam is Not the Solution (or the Prob lem).Esmer, Yilmaz. Is There an Islamic Civilization?Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations?

Provide displays in schools Essay

1.4 Describe the requirements and procedures for carrying out a risk assessment for let outs.Health and prophylactic regulations must(prenominal) be observed whilst putting up any displays for the safety of both staff and children in the setting.Display boards must be securely link up to the wall by using screws to ensure safety and stability and must not be obstructing exits, light switches or sockets, fire exit signs or candid wires of any sort.If a ladder is needed to reach the top of the board, it must be flat on the floor with no wobble and another piece of staff to hold it in position. It would be advantageous to display melt down during lunch time or before or after school if the display board is in a high traffic area i.e. a corridor where children walk frequently and in high numbers. This will minimise the risk of the individual using the ladder being involved in an accident. Desks and chairs should never be used to climb on.A wall stapler is the best way to arrogat e work to the wall. Pins and clips can and will fall or be knocked off on to the floor where they could be stood on or picked up by children. Similarly, any kind of tape would be unfit for use as they do not hold any objects of weight securely or practically. entirely work to be displayed should be put somewhere safe and out of the way of people walking past whilst it is being put up. It would be preferable to work another member of staff to assist in handing things to you and to check that things are safe and finally, that they look presentable and neat.Ladders, staple guns, scissors, rolls of paper, blu tac, pens and any other equipment used must be put away promptly and securely. Ladders must be stowed away somewhere safe where they cannot be tripped over or children climb on them. All other equipment should be returned to class or the correct place that it is usually stored.

Girl Child Education Essay

fille Guides are organised into units/troops averaging 20-30 girls under guidance of a police squad of leaders. Units subdivide into patrols of about six Guides and engage in outdoor and special interest activities. Units whitethorn colligate with national and international organisations. Some units, especially in Europe, devote been co-educational since the 1970s, allowing boys and girls to work together as Scouts. thither are other programme sections for older and younger girls.Contents1 fitting2 fall upon points3 Unit affiliation4 Uniforms5 Lones6 See also7 ReferencesNamingRobert Baden-Powell was a famous soldier who fought in the Boer War in South Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century. During the Siege of Mafeking, when the town and British soldiers were besieged by Boer soldiers, B-P noticed how the young boys made themselves useful by carrying messages for the soldiers. When he came home, he decided to put some of his Scouting ideas into practice to see if they would be whatever good for young boys and took 21 boys camping on Brownsea Island, near Poole in Dorset. The camp was a success, and B-P wrote his bind Scouting for Boys, covering tracking, signaling, cooking etc. Soon boys began to organize themselves into Patrols and Troops and called themselves Boy Scouts. Girls bought the book as well and formed themselves into Patrols of Girl Scouts.In 1909 there was a Boy Scout Rally at Crystal Palace in London. Among all the thousands of Boy Scouts there was also a group of girls from Pinkneys Green, in Berkshire, who spoke to B-P and asked him to let girls be Scouts. B-P decided to take action. Eerste Nederlandsche Meisjes Gezellen Vereeniging (First Dutch Girls Companions Society), 1911, initial Dutch Girl GuidesIn those days, for girls to camp and hike was not common, as this extract from the Scout newspaper shows If a girl is not allowed to run, or even hurry, to swim, ride a bike, or raise her arms above her head, how can she depart a Scout?1B-Ps career had been in the British Army. There was an Indian regiment called the Khyber Guides who served on the north-west frontier of India. B-P persuaded the girl Scouts that Guides was a very special name of which they could be proud. So, in 1910 the first Girl Guides began.Since 1910 Guides have spread and there are now millions of Guides worldwide. The piece Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) was formed to link together Guides. In some countries the girls preferred to call themselves Girl Scouts.(Reference The Guide vade mecum, London The Guide Association, 1996)The first Guide Company was 1st Pinkneys Green Guides (Miss Baden Powells Own), who still comprise in Pinkneys Green, Maidenhead in the English county of Berkshire.2 Polish Girl Guides by the monument to Small adherent in Warsaw Key pointsThings that are shared amongst all Guide Units are3The Guide contract Girls become Guides by making their Promise. Each country has its own Promise b ut all have the same 3 parts duty to God or to your religion duty to your country charge the Guide Law. The Good Turn each Guide tries to do a kind thing for individual else, without payment and without being asked, every day. The World Badge this can be worn on uniform or ordinary clothes. The three leaves of the trefoil stand for the threefold Promise. The vein in the centre is a compass needle, pointing the way and the two stars stand for the Promise and the Law. The colours stand for the golden sun glistening over all the children of the world, from a blue sky.This badge is a guiding symbol that can be recognized all over the world. The World Flag this is in the same colours as the World Badge and can be carried or flown by any member of the movement. It is often utilize as the Unit Flag. The three yellow blocks represent the threefold Promise and the white corner represents the commitment to placidity of all WAGGGs members. The Guide Sign the three fingers stand for t he three parts of the Promise. The Guide sign is used when making or renewing the Promise and can be used when meeting other Guides. It may also be used when receiving a badge or at the end of meetings. The Motto Be Prepared This means that Guides are ready to cope with anything that might come their way.

Napoleon Iii

An Assessment of Whether forty winks Bonaparte or Louis pile Had More Significant Reforms in France both(prenominal) snooze Bonaparte and his nephew Louis short sleep Bonaparte were important rulers of France. They ru direct with great power and control, they implemented many a(prenominal) sweeping reforms and laws that greatly changed the course of cut and European life. catnap Bonaparte and Louis catnap, also referred to as Napoleon III, each directed France through many reforms under their rule.However, the leader with the more world-shattering reforms and impact on France was Napoleon III. Napoleon III had commodiouser steadfast reforms in the likes of rebuilding and modernizing Paris, constructing the French railway and veranda a strong French foreign policy that included the unification of Italy. He also led France through a period of prosperity and industrialization. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected the president of France at period 40, and capped a quite rem arkable, and unlikely rise to power. Cavendish, 1998, para. 1). Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, named after his uncle Napoleon I, had never held a government position, nor had he even shown any sort of political capability, he rose to power hardly through widespread support in France that he was the rightful heir to Napoleon I. (Cavendish, 1998, para. 1,2). In essence, Louis Napoleon rode into control of France on the coattails of his uncle and then he took his uncles rule and furthered the reforms and French power.Louis Napoleon campaigned that he would counterpunch France back to the glory that they had erst had under the first Napoleon, and that he, as a ruler, was destined to bring France once again to the top of Europe. (Cavendish, 1998, para. 5). His strategy successfully swept him into the office of President of Frances Second Republic. The master Politicians in France couldnt believe that Louis Napoleon had won, and they were even more shocked when he did away with them.But t his didnt satisfy the ambitious ruler and he quickly took advantage of an economic slump in 1851 and shed light on up himself to be the man that the French needed, not as president but as emperor. (Cavendish, 1998, final paragraph). Louis Napoleon Bonaparte can now be called Napoleon III, for in 1852 he declared himself the perfect buy the farm for the job to contain France from collapse and socialism, the Emperor of the second French Empire. (Cavendish, 1998, final paragraph).The citizens of France, so scared of anarchy, and stock-still believing in the Napoleonic Ideals that Napoleon I had left behind, overwhelmingly accepted Louis Napoleon as their sensitive Emperor. The new parliamentary constitution that Napoleon III dress out up gave him the executive powers it allowed him to stomach the members of the law-making council of state and the senate. (France History-Second French Empire n. d. , para. 1). Now that Louis-Napoleon had full control of France, he could freely im plement actions and reforms that he couldnt have easily achieved as President.One of Napoleons keen interests was in architecture, and it was his desire to make Paris a new modern city that in the end turned Paris from an overcrowding, ancient, disease-ridden cluster of districts into the thrive beauty it is today. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 2). Napoleons interest was the foundation that would produce the plans for a rebuilding of Pariss streets, its sewers, and all other aspects of urban planning. It would change the sight of Paris to something unlike anyone had seen. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 2).For hundreds of years, certain areas hadnt been improved, and the frighten away task of a renewal of Paris was laid on Baron Haussmann. Haussmann was a big clock time planner and was an advocate for beautiful sights, perfect balance and exactness. (Paris pg. 18). Haussmanns desire of linear counterbalance surfaced in his first step, which was to put Paris on a grid. He added streets to Paris t hat ran east and west, and northwesterly and south. These new streets were also wider, allowing for more public safety and safer traffic engineering. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 4).The rapid population growth confused with fierce industrialization made some changes to Paris an absolute necessity. An example of this was shown in the growing posit for water closets, which directly led to the need to funnel the human waste effectively into the sewers. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 6). The old ship canal of dumping the waste in the rivers was rejected, and it was now an objective to keep the clean and dirty water separate. This new practice allowed for cleaner water, cleaner streets, cleaner people, and a much-improved healthy environment. (Kirkman, 2007, para. , and final paragraph). Under Napoleons constant input and watch Haussmann unified Paris with visual themes and facades that generated all around in the city. The crosswise style of Haussmann can be seen throughout Paris. (Kirkman, 2007, p ara. 7). Perhaps the just about unifying aspect that Paris stock during its makeover was the improvement of the transportation systems. The railroads underwent massive modernization as train stations were constructed in strategic locations to consociate Paris with the rest of France and to the rest of Europe. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 10).These new train stations benefitted agriculture, industrial growth, international markets, employment opportunities, and they delineated the overall feeling of a more modern city and nation that could be envied from surrounding countries. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 10). Napoleon III exemplified the prosperity and excellence of the time period by this complete rebuilding of Paris. With the help of shocking scale designer Baron Haussmann, Paris slashed boulevards through tangles of slums, began the modern sewer and water systems and set the standard high for the beautiful city that still thrives today. Paris pg. 18) Napoleon III didnt just focus on the im provement and his influence inside of France. Napoleon III headed a strong French foreign policy that occurred in the Second Empire. Particularly important was Napoleon IIIs indispensible utilization in the Italian unification process. Count Camillo di Cavour was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, most commonly cognise as Piedmont, and it was his revolutionary ideals and actions that pushed Italian unification forward. But Cavour needed the help of a strong protagonist in order to achieve is goals this ally came in the form of Napoleon III and France. Oracle ThinkQuest, n. d. , sub section III para. 2). Napoleon III always had a specific future planned out for Italy, he even once pushing for his cousin to rule there. (Geddes, 2010, para. 2). Napoleon III attempted to influence these travel movements of unification in Italy following the Revolutions of 1848. Whatever Napoleons intentions were for Italy, whether it was to use Italy as an asset to allot France in the future or if it was to genuinley support the Italian unification, Napoleon saw himself as one that was cause to be the leader of these free peoples of Europe. (Geddes, 2010, para. ). Without the help of the Frech army and the support of Napoleon III, Piedmont would have had no gamble to unify Italy. Napoleon IIIs influence in this unification process was so great he alone put all of Italy together, and kept Rome out of it so as to keep the support of the Catholic church. (Geddes, 2010, final paragraph). There is also an argument that Napoleon I, Napoleon Bonaparte, had the more significant reforms in French history as opposed to Napoleon III. Napoleon I led the French, the the most powerful army in Europe, across the continent in conquerring much of Europe. History, n. d. , opening paragraph). Napoleons reforms included the new Napoleonic Law Code that he implemented in France and in the countries he conquerred, a stronger army, a renewed relationship with the pope, banking and education improvements, and support for the arts and sciences. (History, n. d. The Coup of 18 Brumaire section para. 3). But Napoleon Is reforms were self destructed when Napoleon made several key mistakes that ultimately doomed his reforms and his plan to establish stability back into the post-revolutionized France. History, n. d. The Coup of 18 Brumaire section para. 3). One cutting included the flop of the continental system, or Napoleon Bonapartes attempt the ruin the British economy but in backlash it only ruined the French economy. Another mistake was the blasting invasion of Russia. The Russian army destroyed French supply lines and Napoleon abandoned his army in the Russian winter where they attempted to retreat. Only 100,000 of the original 600,000 French survived. (History, n. d. Napoleons Downfall section para. 1). The French momentum was killed, and so was Napoleon Is popularity. Napoleon I was then agonistic to abdicate the throne by the combined powers of Britain, P russia, Russia, and Austria and he was exiled to Elba. Those same powers, in order to ensure that France wouldnt try to do the same thing again all but eliminated what Napoleon I had long been working for and France was sent back to square one. (History, n. d. Napoleons Downfall section para. 2,3).Therfore, although both Napoleon Bonaparte and Louis Napoleon implemented great reforms in France, Napoleon III had the more significant reforms. Napoleon IIIs reforms had more of a long-lasting effect on France and Europe. Some of these long lasting reforms included the modernization and rebuilding of Paris, improving the French railroads, and influencing the unification of Italy. Thus it is Louis Napoleon Bonaparte that deserves the belief for achieving the more significant reforms in France.

Culture of Jamaica

The first settlers of Jamaica called the land Xaymaca which means Land of springs (Pillai, 2013). It is said that this is where the name of the country came from. Jamaica is hold out for many things like its beaches, wildlife, and reggae music. Jamaica has a mix of people from different races, righteousnesss, and countries so its culture is varied. Christopher Columbus spy Jamaica in 1494, but people have in habited the island for thousands of years forrader.The Arawaks and Tainos atomic number 18 said to be the first ribes to settle on the island, between 4000 B. C. AND 1000 B. C. (Pillai, 2013). From 1494 to 1655, Jamaica was a Spanish colony. It was a British colony from 1655 to 1962. Jamaica was granted a new constitution in 1944 and gained universal suffrage. The country gained independence rarified 6, 1962 (Purcell, 2013). The population of Jamaica is 2,909,714 (FindTheData, 2013). 16. 5% of the population lives below the p everywherety line. Africans make up most of the Jamaican population. later on Africans, many of the Jamaicans are multiracial and from Indian or Chinese decent (Pillai, 2013).English is the official expression of Jamaica (Purcell, 2013). Jamaican Patois is the de facto national language of Jamaica, which is a Creole language (Pillai, 2013). It is the most commonly spoken language in the country. Many religions are practiced in Jamaica. Tainos, the first settlers, worshipped forces of nature like plants and animals. They believed in the God Yucahu and Goddess Atabey. They also worshipped good and evil odours to prevent natural disasters (Pillai, 2013). Christianity made its focal point to the island with the colonizers. About 80% of Jamaicans are Christians.Rastafari developed in the 1920s in Jamaica. It is a blend of over-the-hill Testament Christian faith, mystic beliefs, and African fundamentalist ideology. The Rastas keep their hair long in dreadlocks, bend western society, and use marijuana spiritually (Pillai, 2013). Jamaicans have certain traditions and beliefs. A common birth observance is to bury the umbilical cord of a newborn baby, and usually a tree is planted over it, signifying that they are always connected to their birth place. Funerals are an important ritual to the Jamaicans. A big funeral is a sign ofa good life (Purcell, 2013).Nine Night is a Jamaican ceremony or funeral where friends and family sing, dance, and drink for eight nights then sing farewell songs on the ninth night. They rearrange the room of the deceased so their spirit will non recognize it and return. A last meal is set out under the silk-cotton tree, a hiding place for the spirits, for the diseased spirit (Pillai, 2013). Jamaican weddings are big, lavish, and family-oriented. Both families of the bride and groom meet before the wedding and friends start sending gifts like eggs for the cake (Pillai, 2013). Jamaican foods are usually toothsome and spicy.Their strong spices and herbs make heir dishes popular aroun d the world. The national dish is the Ackee and Saltflsh. Spicy shock pork and Jerk chicken are very popular Jamaican cuisines. The national drink is Jamaican rum (Pillai, 2013). Rice is a ceremonial food. Curried goat meat is the main meal at parties, weddings, and tunerals (Purcell, 2 Jamaican attire is a combination of European and African style. Jamaican women sham brightly gloomy outfits of a skirt, top, and headscarf. Men wear brightly colored western-style clothes with short sleeves. Due to the humid weather, Jamaicans dont wear heavy clothing they prefer cotton clothing.Rastafarians wear clothes made of natural fibers. These clothes are always in their sacred colors of red, yellow, and green. According to the Rastafarians, Red signifies the blood of the black people, Yellow stands for the coin that was stolen from Africa, and Green symbolizes the lost African lands (Pillai, 2013). The also wear a tam or hat to go over their dreadlocks. The official currency of Jamaica is the Jamaican dollar (FindTheData, 2013). Manufacturing and services are the main sources of economy. Service includes tourism, which is a great contributor to the economy.Jamaicas main trade allies are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Caribbean Economic Community. major(ip) imports are consumer goods, construction hardware, electrical and telecommunication equipment, food, fuel, machinery, and transportation equipment. Jamaicas major exports are bauxite and alumina, apparel, sugar, bananas, coffee, citrus and citrus products, rum, cocoa, and elbow grease (Purcell, 2013). Jamaicas gross domestic product (GDP) is $25,620,000,000. Their GDP per capita is $8,900, which is also the world average. Jamaica has a high inflation array of 6. 9%.They also have a high unemployment rate of 14% (FindTheData, 2013). The country is in a bad economic situation. Jamaica has a bicameral parliamentary legislative system. They are a member of the British Commonwealth. The Britis h monarch, the governor general, the prime minister and deputy prime minister, and the cabinet make up the administrator branch. The Senate and the sixty members elected to the House of Representatives make up the legislative branch. The Judicial branch is the Supreme act and lower courts. The main political parties are the Peoples National Party and the Jamaica Labor Party Purcell, 2013).Sociologists would need to know about Jamaican custom to know what not to say or do around Jamaicans to not offend them. They would need to know some of Jamaican history which would let them know that there was ofttimes slavery and oppression during the colonial period. Jamaicans might get offended if this subject is brought up in the falsely manner. It would be wise for sociologists to know that the Jamaican Patois language is a symbol of defiance from European cultural authority (Purcell, 2013). Their Jamaican identity is very important to them. Their identity ncludes many things like their r eligion traditions and customs.