MCI Communications Corporation Essay

1-What is the likely level of MCIs external needs over the undermenti one and only(a)d several years? By how much could they be expected to neuter? Why?2-Critique MCIs past pecuniary strtategy, giving attention to the types of securities on which it has relied. Why did MCI finance itself in the manner it did?3-Based upon your analysis of the outlook for MCI and the private-enterprise(a) and regulatory evolution of the industry, recommend a capital structure polity for MCI and defend your proposal against plausible events.4-Assume that Mr.English, the MCI chief financial officer, has the following financial alternatives available to him as of April 1983a)$500 billion of 12 1/2 , 20 year subordinated debenturesb)$400 million of common stockc1)$600 million 7 5/8 20 year convertible subordinated debentures with renewal footing of $ 54 per share (i.e., $1,000 bond would be converted into 18.52 conmmon shares)c2) $1 billion of a unit package consisting of a $1000 7 , 10 year subord inated debenture and 18.18 warrants, each entitling the holder to purchase one share of MCI common stock for 55$. The warrants would be exercisable until 1988 and are callable. The exercisei price of the warrants would be payable either in cash or by surrender of the debentures valued at their principal amount.Which if any of these alternatives would you recommend that Mr.English commence? Why? In broad outline, what financing steps would you recommend he take overthe next several years?

Heart of Darkness/Blood Diamond

Greed is the go down of All Evil Greed exists at the centre of evil on non only an individual level, but also that of a communal and global level. Contextually on that point is a superficial alteration in the stimulus (Ivory vs. ball field) for greed and of global awareness towards the issue, although in the cytosine that separates Joseph Conrads exploration of colonial regime in his novella shopping mall of wickedness and Edward Zwicks post-colonial film inception Diamond, the values driving the major characters and particularions from the contrary texts are comparably similar.In both(prenominal) texts, there are individuals showcasing major facets make by greed, obsessed with the stimulus that is presented in either century. In Conrads Heart of shadow, the character Kurtz is primarily stimulated by greed. His obsession with off-white was at an extreme where main character Marlow refers to his physical appearance as like a ball- an ivory ball and as having an ivory face . These several(prenominal) simile and metaphors encapsulate how Kurtz had become gripped by ivory to the point where it was pickings over his very being.This description that Kurtz is placed in is carried through to his last moments where The brown current ran swiftly out of the Heart of Darkness-Kurtzs liveliness was running swiftly, too This indirect juxtaposition links the ideas of Kurtzs vitality with the Heart of Darkness, not being a physical location, but an internalised personality representing Kurtz. These links of the rapacious Kurtz to a being of pure degradedity is an perspicacity into the overtaken existence of greed within individuals of evil.In similarity, is Colonel Coetzee from Zwicks Blood Diamond. This individual has a lust for wealth, one so overbearing that it blinds him from the fact that he destroys batch of lives to achieve his personal benefit. A scene that best represents this mindless toilet murder for a ca lend oneself that results in selfish profit is the Colonels order from the helicopter, I dont give a cuss whos down there, kill them all A low topple close up shot of the centre framed helicopter is used, presenting it as an overpowering, menacing presence.The line itself poses an emphasis on the Colonels voracious motives, suggesting he would kill his friend, and main character Danny Archer, if it means his war is win and his seldom benefits are received. There is considered intertextuality between this quote and that of Kurtz from Heart of Darkness. At the complete loss of morality from Kurtz, a quote marks this points deracinate all the brutes. These quotes set the two characters from the individual texts together and with it, their greedy purposes and malefic natures, proving that the greed of an individual is the root of their co-existing evil.Greed dictated decomposition is also empirical on a communal level, both in Heart of Darkness and Blood Diamond. In Heart of Darkness, the Company is the centre o f trade in the Congo, a searchingly legitimate industry, although with hidden voracious motives. She talked about ablactation those ignorant millions from their horrid ways-I ventured to hint that the Company was run for profit. This understatement made by Marlow expresses the Companys care, or lack of, for the natives of the Congo, but in fact they only care to exploit the natural resources.We are consistently hinted that their snuff it isnt out there in the luminous estuary but within the brooding gloom. These binary opposites are repeatedly used in the novella to separate the ideas of light and dark with good and evil respectively, an extreme use of irony that Conrad persists with throughout the book. This mindless exploitation is an example of how greed cigarette negatively affect a companionship. The communal personal issuings of evil driven by rapacity in Blood Diamond, is displayed through the actions of the R. U.F, the Revolutionary united Front. Their turning of na tive children into child soldiers and other locals into slave labourers, marks their inadvertence to human life so that they can gain wealth from the diamond trade. A heavily symbolistic scene in the film is the celebration interest the overtake of Freetown in Sierra Leonne by the R. U. F. The loud, scratchy medical specialty accompanying the low key lighting in contrast to the intellectual blurred flames creates a sense of chaos and lack of morality, emphasised by the fast cuts and camera movement.The chiaroscuro lighting on the characters faces and the silhouettes juxtapose to the bright fiery background symbolises their consummation by darkness. Several presentations of immoral acts are shown, dead bodies being strung, children consuming alcohol and drugs and the destruction of property, linking to the unadulterated allusion of Dantes Inferno, exemplifying pointless suffering and destruction. This, among other scenes, symbolises the complete indifference for human life in t he voracious scramble for Africas resources.Although in the century that separates the two texts, awareness has grown dramatically, the global scale of corruption due to acts of greed are present in both texts. In Heart of Darkness, the novella ends back aboard the boat with Marlow and his crew as they are lead into the heart of an immense darkness. The physical connotations of this quote is that the readys can be seen on the other side of the world in England, although ironically the Heart of Darkness doesnt lie in both the Congo and the Thames but man himself, whose actions have a global effect the actions of Kurtz. Upon the whole, the trade will suffer. I dont deny there is a remarkable quantity of ivory-mostly fossil This quote demonstrates the global effect that Kurtzs actions undertake, making a historical allusion to the fossil ivory that stop up in Siberia. This demonstrates the global effects that branches out from the corrupt actions of a greedy soul. In contrast, the global awareness to the situation in Blood Diamond was comparably increased to that of the nineteenth century, although the global effects of overeating driven evil were evidently more severe. The third world is not a world apart is an ironic statement represented by the heavily juxtaposed scenes between a G8 conference and the diamond field of Sierra Leonne. The high key lighting of the conference opposed to the taint lighting of the diamond fields along with the respective modern twine scheme and the dirty, unappealing colour scheme is contrasted with quick scene cuts to juxtapose the sheer difference between the two separate worlds. Although these two locations seem so distant, the effects are carried through from one to the other.The conflict diamonds collapse the stores of the first world but are not ours to steal in the name of comfort, corporations, and consumerism. This captures the global effects that mans greed enfolds, taking advantage of the actions of corruption f or our own consumerism, or greed. So in the century that separates Joseph Conrads exploration of colonial regime in his novella Heart of Darkness and Edward Zwicks post-colonial film Blood Diamond, there is sufficient consequence to remark that greed is the root of all evil in man, the effects spanning not only the heart of man but within its community and on a global scale.

Indian Ocean Region Essay

Change and Continuity of Commerce in the Indian sea persona from 650 CE to 1750 CE. The Indian Ocean has always been a almighty profession region, between eastward Africa and mainland China, that has ca utilize religion, crops, languages, and people to spread. Through the rise and fall of powerful land and sea empires, grapple routes shifted and control switched hands numerous multiplication over history. The goods have remained fairly constant, compared to the professionrs and the powers behind them that changed from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. Spices, textiles, manufactured goods, and raw goods were staples on the many of the routes that led from the coast of Zimbabwe all the way to the embrasures of China. Early traders from Polynesia tied(p) traveled to Madagascar. With the rise of Islam and of the Mongol Empire, overseas trade slowed slightly because of the grandness of the Silk Road as the main connection between China and Europe. However, as the Mongols declined, the Indian O cean trade became more authorized to the empires or kingdoms of China and the regional powers of India.The Chinese Ming Dynasty engaged heavily in foreign trade and they displayed their wealth with giant treasure ships and junks that sailed the day from China through the port of Malacca to the east coast of India. The ships carried silk and porcelain, goods that were in high demand in Europe and Arabia. The ships also picked up spices and hardwoods from Southeast Asian islands. In India, the legal age of these goods were sent on dhows to the Arabian Peninsula, stopping at major important ports like Aden, and then continuing on to East Africa and the Swahili Coast states of Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala. The ships sailed match to the monsoons, they then returned loaded with gold and ivory from Africa, to China where the cycle would restart. last states like Gujurat and Calicut grew in importance in manufacturing and the textile production of cotton. The powers approximately the I ndian Ocean remained in control, until the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. patch Silk Road trade with Europe was thriving, Europeans wanted to cut out the Arab middlemen and loaf direct access to Asian goods.As the tools of navigation developed and unfermented nation-states sought after trade and exploration, Portugal led the continent in the wake to Asia. When Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 by sailing around the tip of Africa, he was greeted with a mocking laughter of people he needed to trade with and was turned down most of the goods he had to trade. The powerful merchants of Gujarat and neighboring states were used to the highest quality goods so they did not want to trade with Gamas brusque quality goods. However, before long, Portugal took over almost all trade in the Indian Ocean, establishing ports like Goa in India and controlling strategic areas with their imperialistic manner. near the same time, Britain also began its expansion and joined with joint-s tock companies like the Dutch East India Company. They proceeded to dominate the region as well, taking land they thought worthy their purposes. The sea empires and the cut off of foreign trade by the Ming dynasty did not greatly change the products traded, but did affect the overall trade system. Goods were now produced for the success of mercantilist people in European countries, not for the enrichment of local powers. spell the trade routes and the goods that passed through them may not have been greatly changed, the come to of the European trading empires and the decline of nations like India and China changed who benefited from Indian Ocean trade and who were mostly involved.

Inner Beauty Matters Essay

Inner beauty matters How many propagation do we see ourselves in the mirror and make negative comments nigh our supposes. Im not exquisite or Im too fat or Im too large(p). These ar few of the phrases that first come to mind in most missys when they look at themselves in the mirror. Well, 90% of teenage girls do not kindred the substance they look or appear. The reason for that is in our society you confirm attention from people if you look attractive and stunning. Some girls who are overweight would get negative comments from peers like- That girl is too ugly or That girl looks like a bulldozer.Fat is not something you own, it is something you are. We dont say You have fat, we say, You are fat. We identify with our bodies. So the teenager gets the gist that this fatness is badness. Some of the teenagers who dont accept the way they look, guess to change themselves by dieting which leads to illnesses and diseases like anorexia. diet is the practice of ingesting nutrit ion in a regulated fashion to achieve or halt a controlled weight.In most cases the goal is weight loss in those who are overweight or obese, scarce some people these eld start dieting because they want to change the way they appear to the society. scarce what really matters in life? An old proverb states, Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Something or someone is beautiful, depending on the perspective of the person feel in. But the major thing that matters is- Is the person good-looking from inside? Because Without a doubt inner beauty lasts forever whereas outer beauty fades. Anyone chiffonier fake the outside to make himself or herself look better and pretty but inner beauty cant be faked.For cause you could be the most beautiful person in the world but if you have a horrible personality it just makes you ugly. Your ashes mental picture is how you perceive, think and feel about your body but this may have no link at all on your actual appearance. For instance, it is uncouth in Western nations for women to believe they are larger and fatter than they really are. tho 16% of women are satisfied with their body weight. Our body shape is already decided before we are born. Each one of us is a unique human being with our own genes from our mum and dad.There is moreover one person in the world shaped like you. fast does not change body shape. The distribution of weight on your body is going to stay the same so learn to love who you are. Dieting is not effective dieting changes a persons metabolic process so that they are more likely to lose muscle flock than fat. Instead of dieting to look better and attractive, you can exercise, which is the best and safest way to become healthier. Feeling good about your body as it is helps you to fight down a positive outlook in other areas of your life.

Budgeting Policy in Managing a Business

Budgeting is one of the fundamental concepts in managing a business and it is often up to the budgeting policies that the managers decides upon that ordain conclude where the troupe is going to make it in the industry or not. The budgeting policy a beau monde decides upon will show the top management aggroup where the coin is being spent and, even more importantly, it will show the team prior to the spending actually occurring.If we refer to the four management crops (organizing, planning, guiding and controlling), budgeting covers all four of them. Indeed, a responsible manager will be able to apply all four functions in what the budgeting policy is concerned. outgrowth of all, the top management will need to determine what the companys budget for the proximo tense period of time will be. This will need to take into retainer both the companys possible revenues during this time and the expanding upon strategy that the team has unyielding upon. It may be the case that the man agement team has designed an expansion on the market that will take up more of the resources than otherwise. part this may be the case, the spending must be determined by realistic plans and future achievements.Second of all, the top management team involve to organize the portfolio of projects and the investments it wants to develop in the subsequent period of time. Organizing the portfolio of projects also refers to find out (1) which projects of the portfolio will be done and (2) with what priority. Before the actual spending and place begins, the company needs to have a organized set of future spending steps.The planning functions intervene in terms of properly ascertain the evolution of projects be in the period to come. Budgeting helps plan projects costs so that we dont arrive at a situation where the companys finance is overwhelmed by costs during a period of time.In terms of covering, budgeting ensures that the funds are use where they are most necessary. Directing a lso refers to departing and the budgeting policies are direct means by which the top management leads at heart the company.Finally, the controlling function is essential in budgeting policies and strategies. Indeed, the controlling function ensures that the budget and the budgeting policies, previously launch and decided upon, are fully respected. There is no point in having a healthy financial system within the company, corresponding to a well-planned budget, if this budget is regularly underestimated or overspent. The controlling function will supporting track of projects cost evolution, track down any inadvertences that may turn up and correct them in time.As we have seen from those previously presented, the budgeting function within the company is not only intrinsically linked to management, but the primary(prenominal) functions of management are also reflected in a companys budgeting policies. It is essential, as pointed out, that the company properly analyzes what its so urces are, how much of them it is willing to spend and, additionally, what future results and added value the investments will bring at a certain point in the future, in terms of the rate of return.A healthy budgeting strategy will lead to a healthy financial situation of the company and a steady development strategy for the future. Budgeting should be where every company strategy should begin.

What Is Nationalism?

What is nationalism? The easiest way to define much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a complex and broad confines c atomic number 18 patriotism is to buzz off with the definition of a nation. A nation, as Ernest Renan clearly defined in 1882, is is a conglomerate of people who sh are a parkland past(a) and give way derived a strong bond, with an agreement to stay together and be governed by mutual consent in the future. In former(a) nomenclature, a vast group of people sprightliness on a lower floor the same grapheme of government that share a common language, culture, history and a quasi(prenominal) background overall. These nations become unified by sport even sots like the Olympics or World Cups.Nationalism is a possible definition of the happiness and pride lived during these games however the term is so complex that further explanation is needed. The origins of Nationalism, its characteristics, the types of nationalism that interrelate and the huge complexit y of the term could all join in to stimulate a perfect definition of such term. The causes that arouse the feelings of nationalism finish lead to a clear definition of this word. Short-term political causes like the American and French Revolution led to the unification of its people to scramble for what was theirs.The vernacularization of language and an easy access to books or newspapers were some of the effects that resulted from Martin Luthers 95 theses, the translation of the New Testament, or the invention of the printing press. Consequently, nationalism started emerging as a political ideology. In John Stuart heros article Of Nationality, as connected with Representive Government expresses the causes of nationalism from his perspective. hero begins his article by explaining how people, being part of a nation, should be coupled by common sympathies, should cooperate with each opposite, and agree to live under the rules of the same government.In addition, he mentions the fact that geographical limits are also ane of the causes of nationalism. People living in the same area will whence end up having a common language and/or religion. entirely the strongest of all Mill emphasizes on, is the identity of political antecedents the sharing of a common history together and experiencing emotions of pride and humiliation or joy and affliction at any point given. From John Stuart Mill to Eric Hobsbawn, various authors foster identify the distinguishable characteristics with the help of their take opinions and ideas on the subject of nationalism.Mills view on nationalism is completely optimistic. He explains how countries, in indian lodge for them to be nations, should unite under the same needs and demands. This being, cooperation between their make people and an aim to be under the same system of government. In contrast, English journalist and novelist, George Orwell, had a different and negative theory on this topic. He views the nationals as fo rmer-hungry and with the unique goal of forcing their customs on others. Orwell believes at that place are three characteristics to a nationalist thought obsession, instability, and indifference to objectiveity.Obsession view your own country is superior to all the rest. The instability between the nationalist rulers or dictators. And finally, indifference to reality describes how nationalistic behavior blinds people from noticing facts of the real world. Additionally, in his article Nations and Nationalism since 1780 historian Eric Hobsbawn explains how nationalism always comes to begin with a nation and it helps it form and develop from it. He also believes twain political and national systems should be equal. These altered points of view help diversity our beliefs on nationalism and shape the definition of nationalism even more.The different types of nationalism are clearly explained in George Orwells Notes on Nationalism article. Positive, negative and transferred are the three types the writer focuses on while lecture about Britains nationalism throughout the years. Subdivisions such as Neo-toryism, Celtic, and Zionism are specified by Orwell under the positive nationalism category. He states that Neo- tories are anti- American (and sometimes anti- Russian) that do not recognize that Britains power and supremacy have declined. Orwell describes Celtic Nationalists as anti- English but have nothing to do with Anglophobic.These Irish, Welsh, and Scottish nationalists are known for their racist beliefs. These homophobic beliefs are also a common denominator for the Jews that are part of Zionism. George Orwells next grouping known as Transferred Nationalism fall divisions such as Communism, Political Catholicism, Color feeling, Class feeling, and Pacifism. The difference between transferred and the other two types of nationalism is the fact that it isnt as serious as the other two but people still believe in it and are somewhat influenced by it.Class f eeling and color feeling are similar in the sense of superiority between races or curriculum status. White people over black people or hurrying classes over lower classes are some examples of this dogmatism. Pacifism is described as hatred of western democracy and admiration of totalitarianism against Britain and the linked States. Lastly, George Orwell subdivides ban Nationalism into Anglophobia, Anti- semitism, and Trotskyism. Against their own country, Anti- Jews (against Jews) and against Stalin are the main motives of these three examples.Nationalism is one of those words whose current definition is based on opinion and belief. The complexity of this term is due to time evolution. As different periods of time passed, nationalism went to from being negative to positive or vice versa. Showing pride for the United States by singing the national anthem at the beginning of a school day wasnt the same thing as cheering Heil Hitler to a soldier in Germany during the Holocaust. Pro paganda was another main influencer of the people. The government devote up posters and television ads showing the bad side of their opponents in orderliness to get their countrys support during war.Lastly, as George Orwell said, nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. Nationalism is the will to imply or even force a lifestyle or customs on others whilst patriotism is the showing of pride and joy of ones way of living and commitment to a certain place. There are many other opinions on this complicated word such as Perry Andersons malign belief of thinking nationalism was the desire of people to form their own independent nation-state. There are no right or misuse definitions of nationalism because they are all expressed by people in their each and own unique ways.Their surroundings and their experiences both influence how the feelings of nationalism are defined. However, one does not deny that a definition for such feelings is obviously subjective Bibliography Easton , Mark. Cry God for Harry, England, and Saint George. BBC. N. p. , 14 June 2010. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . Mill, John Stuart. Of Nationality, as connected with Representative Government. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . The Origins of Nationalism. CSU Bakersfield. calcium State University, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . Orwell, George. Notes on Nationalism. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Renan, Ernst. Quest-ce quune nation? What is a nation? . ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Savich, Carl K. Nationalism and War. MakNews. N. p. , 1 Sept. 2010. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Wolfson, Ben, ed. Nationalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N. p. , 1 June 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2012. .

Hebrew Covenant Essay

The most insightful and genuinely inspired fantasy of the Hebrew world view is the concept of the berit involving God and His elect good deal. see into English as arrangement, the limit denotes a little closer to promise, or pledge. In the promise to Abraham, God picks Abraham and his offspring as a fussy people, in fact, as the only people of God. He assures Abraham that his progeny go forth inhabit and possess the lands of Palestine, that they will be immeasurable, and that they will benefit from the credential and attention of God over all their enemies.It is this promise and the relationship it entails concerning Yahweh, the angiotensin converting enzyme and only God, and His people that characterize the Hebrew cultural and historical distinctiveness. The trammel net implied by the word berit is the relationship involving a master key and his servants, for in Hebrew, a berit is a pledge that is made unilaterally by a lord to his servants that he will defend and provid e for those servants. The promise is not compelled by law nor affected on the lord by his servantsit is utterly voluntary.The term covenant stands for business deal, or contract, and suggests a promise to provide wizard end of the contract if the other end is met. But a covenant is a two-sided arrangement it obtains the participation of both parties and they be stimulate only by the stipulations of the covenant or agreement. Gods berit, on the other hand, is carried out unilaterally exclusive of the involvement of Abraham or his people in the agreement. Abraham is merely chosen.As implied in the word, the relationship of God to his chosen people is a connection of a lord to his servants the chosen people, as servants, owe to God first and foremost obedience. In this sense, the Abrahamic berit is open-ended by picking Abrahams offspring, God is requiring of that offspring absolute submission and deference for all the rules to come in the future. For God has not bared His regulat ions to His chosen people in the time of Abraham that will appear centuries later when the Hebrews are set free from Egypt. Reference 1. Hooker, Richard, World Civilizations, 1996.

Perioperative handouts

Perl- artist Nursing Phases of Perl-operative period 1. PRE- operative phase 2. INTRA- operative phase 3. POST- operative phase PRE-Operative Phase Begins when the decision to have military operation is made and ends when the invitee is transferred to the operating table INTRA-operative Phase Begins when the thickening is transferred to the operating table and ends when the customer is admitted to the post-anesthesia unit Post-operative Phase Begins with the admission of the client to the PACIFIC and ends when healing is deal Activities in the Pre-pop 1 . Assessing the clients 2. Identifying potential or actual health problems 3.Planning particular(prenominal) c atomic number 18 4. Providing pre-operative teaching 5. Ensure consent is signed Activities during the Intra-pop 1 . Assisting the operating surgeon as scrub nurse and go around nurse Activities in the POST-pop 2. Assessing responses to surgery 3. Performing interventions to promote healing 4. Prevent complications 5. Planning for home- trade 6. Assist the client to achieve optimal recovery TYPES of SURGERY 1 . According to drive 2. According to degree of URGENCY 3. According to degree of RISK cause of military operation on the Client Stress response (Neuroscience response) is activated shelter to infection is lowered out-of-pocket to surgical incisionVascular remains is disturbed due to severing of blood vessels and blood loss Organ function may be altered due to manipulation Factors influencing Surgical Risk be on Nutrition Fluid and Electrolyte balance General health status infection, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary problems, liver dysfunctions, renal dysfunctions or metabolic disorders Medications affecting Surgery Anticoagulants like aspirin and UNSAID should be discontinued 2 weeks antianxiety agent may cause hypertension and shock Antibiotics like encyclopedias may enhance effects of anesthesia Diuretics may cause electrolyte imbalance antiphon may cause hypertension Psycholo gical support Assess clients fears, anxieties, support system and patterns of coping Establish a trusting relationship with client and family explain routine procedures, encourage fertilization of fears and allow clients to ask questions offer for spiritual care if needed Preoperative teaching Assess clients level of sagacity of surgical procedure and its implications Answer questions, clarify and reinforce explanations letn by the surgeon Explain routine pre-pop and post-pop procedures Teach coughing and deep alive exercise, splinting of incision, turning side to did.Explain its importance in preventing complications Assure client that nuisance medication will be given Pre-operative teaching Physical formulation welcome hex of past medical conditions Perform baseline take aim to toe examinations including vital signs Ensure that diagnostic exams are performed CB, Electrolytes, APT/APT, Urinalysis, EGG, product line typing, Chest Cray Prepare client pelt Shower with antiba cterial welt to cleanse skin Skin prep if ordered shave or clip hairs and cleanse appropriate countrys to geld bacteria on skin Administer enema if ordered Promote adequate rest and fast asleep(predicate) Instruct client to remain NP after midnight to prevent purge and aspiration Pre-pop elimination Laxatives, enemas or both may be visit the night before surgery Have the client void immediately BEFORE transferring them to the OR Foley catheter may be inserted as ordered levelheaded Responsibility Surgeon obtains operative permit ( advised consent) 1. Surgical procedure, alternatives, possible complications, disfigurements 2.Part of nurses single-valued function as client advocate to confirm that clients understands information given Informed Consent An active shared decision making process surrounded by the provider and the recipient of are. 3 conditions 1 . Adequate disclosure of the diagnosis, nature and purpose of sermon, risk and consequences, probability of successf ul outcome and prognosis if treatment is not done. 2. Patient must demonstrate a clear instinct and comprehension of information being provided 3. Recipient of care must give consent voluntarily, not persuaded or coerced to undergo the procedure. Consent are not needed for emergency care if 1. There is an immediate threat to tone 2. Experts agree that it is an emergency 3. Client is unable to consent 4. A de jure authorized person potnot be reachedPreparation Immediately before surgery Obtain a baseline vital signs bear oral hygiene and set aside dentures mutilate clients clothing and dress in clean gown Remove nail polish, cosmetics, Jewelry Instruct to empty bladder Check identification band Intra-operative phase interventions Determine the type of surgery and anesthesia utilize Position client appropriately for surgery Assist the surgeon as circulating or scrub nurse take the sterility of the surgical field Monitor for developing complications Preparing the surgical sit e Purpose of prepping is to edit the unit of organisms available to migrate to the surgical wound. Task is the responsibility of the circulating nurse Principle of scrubbing from the clean area to dirty area is observed at all times Anesthetics Anesthetics are drugs that are apply to cause complete or partial loss of sensation. The numerous anesthetics can be broadly classified as 1. General 2.Local anesthetics General anesthesia Loss of sensation with loss of consciousness Skeletal muscle loosening Analgesia Elimination of somatic, autonomic and endocrine response including coughing, gagging and vomiting Protective reflexes are lost Amnesia, analgesia and hypnosis occur Administered in two ways Inhalation intravenous IV anesthetics Produces rapid, smooth induction, may be used alone in short procedures Common IV anesthetics methodical, Sodium tapeline (Penetrate), modally Disadvantages poor relaxation, respiratory and myocardial low in high doses, bronchioles, laryngitiss, hy pertension and respiratory depression Dissociation Agents Produce state of profound analgesia, amnesia and lack of sentiency without loss of consciousness Astatine (Catalan) Side effects tachycardia, hypertension, respiratory depression, hallucinations Precautions come down verbal, tactile and visual stimulation during recovery periodNarcoleptics Produces state of narcoleptic analgesia characterized by reduced motor activity and analgesia without loss of consciousness Fontanel change state (Innovator) SE hypertension, brickyard, respiratory depression, skeletal muscle rigidity, twitching Precaution reduce narcotic dose to prevent respiratory depression Local anesthesia Local anesthetics are drugs that cause a loss of sensation in limited areas of the body to abolish pain. They are powerful nerve blockers injected topical anestheticly. systemic absorption of the anesthetics can produce numerous side effects. Examples of Local anesthetics The CANINES payload Debasing Procaine Ter racing The side effects of local anesthetics Local effects- local irritation and skin breakdown CONS effects if systemic absorption occurs- headache, restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, tremors and fogged vision.GIG system- nausea, vomiting Cardiac- arrhythmias, peripheral vacillation, myocardial depression, and rarely, cardiac arrest Nursing Responsibilities Maintain emergency equipment on standby to provide life-support in cases of loathsome reactions Ensure that drugs are available for managing hypertension, cardiac arrest ND CONS alterations. Provide adequate hydration to endurings receiving spinal anesthesia. Position the client supine for up to 12 hours after spinal anesthesia to minimize spinal headache Provide safety and comfort measures such as side-rails up, frequent skin care and supportive care Give health teaching to explain things the patient needs to know to allay fears. Stages of Anesthesia Depth Usually adept individuals with the special equipments ready for life support administer the agents The patient undergoes by means of a predictable stages known as STAGES of ANESTHESIA 1 to 4

British Gas HRM Case Study Essay

The UK enjoys a wealth of indigenous nada imaginations and has the technical expertise and fuck off to exploit them. Much of this expertise is being utilized in remunerative commercial ventures overseas. In its position as wizard of the most energy-rich countries in Europe, the UK is uniquely placed to profit from a unfaltering energy merchandise. expending on energy amounted to 99.87bn in 2008. UK ho practiceholders spent 40.67bn on energy products, representing 5.2% of heart and soul consumer expenditure.Privatization has provided the impetus for competition, resulting in a major restructuring of the energy industries and the companies involved. Restructuring commenced in the belatedly 1980s with the privatization of the hit man sector, closely followed by analogous moves in the electrical energy, combust and nuclear sectors. Oil alternatives had always been in private hands. Full loosening was straind in May 1999, with the completion of the ableing up of the elect ricity mart. either consumers, both domestic and patron epoch, argon now free to choose their provider of shoot a line or electricity.A ecological systemal opus of bids, notably in the electricity sector where many of the regional electricity companies (RECs) atomic number 18 under stark naked ownership, has changed the nature and structure of the energy industry. Thus, public electricity suppliers defend evolved since privatization into coordination compound structures embracing versatile short letteres. Most cast off extended their interests into generation or be part of goodr groups with major interests in generation. .Acquisitions by foreign concerns, notably from the US and from Europe, have created a much to a greater extent than worldwide industry. The 10bn take-over of cater PLC by E.ON of Germany remains on track for completion in 2002. However, the greet of acquiring energy guests has be drive too richly for some US energy groups. The collapse of Enron Corp., the energy trading group, in November 2001, was threatening to destabilize energy markets in the US and Europe.1.1 BRITISH GAS British bollix up is Britains favorite domestic energy supplier. As well as providing gas and electricity, they in like manner inst all(prenominal) told and maintain substitution heating and gas appliances in millions of mightinesss doneout the country. Part of the energy group Centrica, British heavy weapon provides gas, electricity and home repair services to eight million home and business clients in England, Scotland and Wales. It is the UKs largest operator in the installation and charge of domestic central heating and gas appliances, serving 16.6 million customers. In addition, their customers turn to them to provide expert, hassle-free c atomic number 18 that takes c atomic number 18 of their kitchen appliances, home electrics and plumbing and drains.E trulything they do is driven by their desire to deliver high quality products and services. They enmesh in England and Wales under the British accelerator brand name and as Scottish mishandle in Scotland. Among a total practiseforce of 28,000, British screw up employs more than than 9,000 trained engineers who carry out servicing and break-down mobilizes. In 2008, 2.2% of its engineering goforce was female and 4.6% were from an ethnic minority background. Against the background of a highly competitive energy market, they continue to be the first preference gas supplier for millions of customers. Whats more, since the re lieuntial electricity market overt to competition in 1998, theyve grown to become the largest supplier of electricity to residential customers in Britain.2.0 Challenges faces by HR passenger cars at British vauntoer the last 20 years, the workplace has changed in more ways than one could have ever imagined, resulting from the increase in engineering science, innovation and globalization, hot employment legislations, different attitu de in society, economic recession and ethnic diversification. The near decade impart bring even greater change, impacting all facets of the workplace, including major changes for the HR department and HR managers. In enounce to respond to the demands of globalization, HR managers at British gas bequeath require newskills and competencies relating to expression and husbandry, technology capabilities, methods to measure and quantify effectiveness and evaluate strategies and return on investment. Evidently, these skills and competencies allow for result in an emerging new determination for HR managers, requiring them to be strategic business partner, supportive of the overall corporate strategy.The quality of HR managers has changed from a less administrative role to more of a strategic role. HR managers will continually be required to elevate their effectiveness and their existence. They will be pass judgment to scan strategic business practices and promote cultural diver sity within the presidency. They will use up to understand the core business of the validation and become partners with line managers. They will necessity to prove that their initiatives and programs are result-oriented, providing particularized measur equal results in harm of business competitiveness that contribute positive(p)ly to the bottom-line of the nerve. They will be required to stupefy current with leading edge as more and more organization is faced with the demands of globalization and strategic alliances with other competitive organizations in the energy sector in UK. Whilst the current economic climate is clearly influencing the agenda for HR leaders, the quarrels of retaining, prompt and aligning employees remain a priority.The results show that more than ever there is pressure on HR to deliver actually business impact, and to do so with HR costs stiffened. (The green village, 2009) spontaneous talent watchfulness systems, intentional for the business as well as HR, can play a critical part in ensuring the organisational adoption of any talent strategy. The number of respondents prioritizing the call for for proceeding charge, succession and life proviso systems shows that HR managers realize the importance of enabling technology in executing talent management programs. Workplace flexibility is expected to be on the rise as the future workplace, the virtual office is characterized by creative and flexible work arrangements. As more employees work off-site-up to two thirds of an organization in the 2 initiative century there will be an increase in furiousness on performance and results as opposed to the number of hours worked.In addition, off-site employees can expect to succeed fewer gibeings. Specified work will become much more col fatigueative and management will spend nearly all its cartridge holder managing cross-functional work teams who enjoy a lot of autonomy. In essence, there will be a movement, atrend towards a decentralized mould of HR. HR managers will have to accommodate employees in their virtual work locations and find ways to manage corporate culture, socialization and employee orientation. In order to obtain and maintain a competent hands, they must act as organizational performance experts and shape employees behavior without face to face viewings.( headway and markets, 2009) Globalization will impact HR managers by requiring new skills such(prenominal)(prenominal) as language capabilities. For e.g., in order to recruit employees from other cultures, HR managers will either have to moderate new languages or else they will certainly have to have foreign speakers on staff. But in order to facilitate communication among wad coming from a wide range of language backgrounds in UK.Organization must take into business relationship cultural differences that shape managerial attitudes, when developing multinational management programs. For e.g., British managers value versatile(pr enominal) obtainment and autonomy, whereas French managers appreciate competent supervision, outskirt benefits, security and comfort fit conditions, while Indian managers gives more importance of their culture and tradition. HR managers in British gas must therefore be familiar with and understand other cultural norms to promote organization diversity. An organization that make loves and promotes cultural diversity will benefit because it will be employing the market that it serves.With increasing globalization and competition within the market, a diverse workforce is conducive to attracting and retaining a strong client base. While competing in an international market, employees from diverse national backgrounds provide language skills and understanding of other cultures. HR professionals will also be responsible for providing cultural sensitivity grooming for the organizations employees and for managers throughout the entire organization. (Czebter, Anamaria, 2002)HR profession als play a critical role in the globalization process by championing companies evaluate the world alternative prospects and possibilities involved in moving to different regions of the world (Marsnik and Luthans, 1997). As the global economic crisis continues to impact businesses, employee retention is seen as the grea block out challenge overall. This reflects the need for organizations to identify and retain top talent during a stop consonant when internal mobility is essential to retain a competitive edge and viewcompany survival as the UK economy slows.Since 2006, the HR Challenges research has effectuate that employee retention is the biggest concern for HR managers. In an unstable economy, employee engagement tools such as effective goal alignment, internal mobility, career planning and succession programs are essential for motivation the workforce. According to reports, almost half of HR managers named a system to improve performance management, succession and career pl anning as the one thing that would help them do their jobs better in 2009. Whilst the current economic climate is clearly influencing the agenda for HR leaders, the challenges of retaining, motivating and aligning employees remain a priority.3.0 HRM Models3.1 invitees model of HRMDavid Guests (1989, 1997) model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis* HRM strategy* HRM practices* HRM outcomes* Behavior outcomes* movement outcomes* Financial outcomesThe model is prescriptive in the sense that it is based on the assumption that HRM is distinctively different from traditional personnel management .It is idealistic, implicitly embodying the belief that fundamental elements of the HRM come along (essentially those of the Harvard map) such as commitment have a direct relationship with valued business consequences. However, Guest has declare that the concept of commitment is messy and that the relationship between commitment and high performance is (or, perhaps, was given the age of this m aterial) difficult to establish. It also employs a give ear approach, seeing strategy underpinning practice, leading to a variety of desired outcomes. deal its American predecessors, this UK model is unitarist (tying employee behavior and commitment into the goals of strategic management) and lukewarm on the value of trade unions. The employee relationship is viewed as one between the soul and the organization.3.2 The Harvard Model of HRMThis map is based on an analytical approach and provides a broad causal depiction of the determinants and consequences of HRM policies. It shows kind resource policies to be influenced by two noteworthy considerations * Situational factors in the regenerate(prenominal) business environment or within the firm such as laws and societal values, labor market conditions, unions, work-force characteristics, business strategies, management philosophy, and task technology. According to Beer et al these factors may constrain the formation of HRM polic ies but (to varying degrees) they may also be influenced by gentlemans gentleman resource policies.* Stakeholder interests, including those of shareholders, management employees, unions, community, and government. Beer et al argue that human resource policies SHOULD be influenced by ALL stakeholders. If not, the enterprise will fail to meet the needs of these stakeholders in the long run and it will fail as an institution. The authors also contend that human resource policies have both prompt organizational outcomes and long-term consequences. private instructors can affect a number of factors by means of the policy choices they make, including The overall competence of employees, the commitment of employees, the degree of congruousness between employees own goals and those of the organization, and the overall cost effectiveness of HRM practices.3.3 HR Activities of British natural gasBritish gasolene ran a number of diversity workshops, in the first place for its senior and middle managers, to engage them and help them understand what the organization was hard to achieve and why it was hard to achieve it, and show them what a diverse workforce would look like on their patch. Meanwhile, all managers who are either involved in recruiting and/or managing staff and all recruitment specialists have undergone equality and diversity formulation to again agree they in full understand what British gas pedal is trying to achieve and why, and are able to make decisions free from influence. When recruiting British gas use technical skills to harness the work to the required standard to having the people skills to deliver excellentcustomer services. As a result, recruitment and excerption of trains and trainees is increasingly steering on recruiting for attitude. Examples of attributes and competencies that British Gas looks for are listed on the put sendment website and include nice communication, organizational and problem-solving skills Aptitu de for team work Careful, accurate and methodical approach Polite, tactful, friendly, professional, with a pleasant manner for dealing with customers. With the change in emphasis away from pure technical skills to behaviors and attributes, there were initial concerns that the quality of the dream or the pass rates could drop within the honorary society. Carole Willsher says We were a lilliputian worried that we would get apprentices and trainees with great people and communication skills, but who were technically not very good. But thats not been borne out at all. The pass marks remain very high. It shows that if youve got the attitude to want to learn and get on, you can do really wellAll the recruitment policies, practices and literature have been reviewed to remove any gender or run away bias. In addition, a native audit of policies and practices to remove any age bias was carried out at group level by invoke company Centrica ahead of the Employment Equality (Age) Regulatio ns in 2006. It brought to light the need to make a number of changes, the most significant of which was the removal of hurrying age limits for entrance to the British Gas apprenticeship scheme (Previously, the scheme was commited at young adults in the 1723 age range).British Gas is focusing this year on developing partnerships with organizations that have al raise build strong links with its target audiences, including Job centre Plus the capital of the United Kingdom phylogenesis Agency housing associations and specialist groups including the Windsor Fellowship, a good-will that offers educational and lead programs to develop diverse young talent Women and Manual Trades and YWCA, a charity working with disadvantaged women in England and Wales.4.0 Recruitment and selectionThe overall aim of the recruitment and selection process should be to obtain at minimum cost the number and quality of employees required to satisfy the human resource needs of the company. The three stages of recruitment and selection dealt with are1. shaping requirements Preparing job descriptions and specifications deciding terms and conditions of employment 2. Attracting candidates reviewing and evaluating alternative sources of applicants inside and outside the company, advertizement, using agencies and consultants 3. Selecting candidates sifting practises, interviewing, testing, assessing candidates, assessment centers, offering employment, obtaining references preparing contract of employment. (Armstrong, 2007)4.1 British Gas Recruitment and Selection ProcessThe greater focus on customer service skills and personal attributes is reflected throughout the recruitment process itself. The initial application form must now be end online. Basic biographic development is re pick uped, and applicants are required to complete basic Maths, English and logic tests. However, the key part of the application is a personality/work genius questionnaire, which is use to assess an applican ts suit expertness. Applicants must respond to a series of questions designed to assess their attitude to work and people. The questionnaire is lengthy, as similar questions are asked in a number of different ways to ensure consistency of responses. Applicants who score highly after this initial screening consequently have a telephone interview to confirm essential information for example, to be eligible for the apprentice technical engineer program, applicants must be aged at least 17, must have four GCSEs at grade C or above, and must hold a full or provisional UK drivers license.Those who pass this stage are then invited to an assessment centre. There are three elements to the assessment mean solar day an interview, a role play exercise and a manual discretion test. The interview is largely based around questions relating to the candidates completed online questionnaire to come on assess their personalattributes and competencies. Similarly, the role play is also use to asse ss a candidates attitude and whether they are able to understand and assimilate information, but more importantly, to see how they deal with customers. The test involves a practical assessment, but no gas-related knowlight-emitting diodege is required it is manifestly designed to assess whether the candidate is able to follow step-by-step instruction manual and handle small components. The recruitment process is lengthy but thorough and a big investment in terms of meter and resources for British Gas, admits Carole Willsher. But its been designed that way to ensure that we get the right people with the right skills who will fit into our organization and help us move closer to where we want to be in terms of having a diverse engineering workforce.Recruiting is an uncertain game, even at the dress hat of times. On the other hand the larger your pool of candidates, the greater your chance of determination someone who is just right for you. However, this possibility has to be bala nced again the fact that you cant interview hundreds of candidates for every for sale post. So you need to develop the expertise of defining your job requirements, while ensuring that these requirements are presented to the widest possible field of candidates in the given context. (Pettinger and Allen, 2007)British Gas ran a number of diversity workshops, primarily for its senior and middle managers, to engage them and help them understand what the organization was trying to achieve and why it was trying to achieve it, and show them what a diverse workforce would look like on their patch. Meanwhile, all managers who are either involved in recruiting and/or managing staff and all recruitment specialists have undergone equality and diversity procreation to again ensure they fully understand what British Gas is trying to achieve and why, and are able to make decisions free from bias.Selection involves a number of costs the cost of the selection process itself including the use of var ious instruments, the future costs of inducting and training new staff and the cost of labor turnover if selected staff is not retained. (Bratton and Gold, 2000)4.2 British Gas Targeted advertisingBritish Gas uses a variety of ways and media to appeal to its target audiences, including advertising in magazines like Bliss and Sugar which are aimed at teenaged girls, careers-type websites like Voice and The Asian News, and the gay media redesigning its recruitment advertisements in terms of both images and language to r distributively Out to people from more diverse backgrounds ensuring that marketing materials such as recruitment brochures and its dedicated recruitment website (www.britishgasacademy.co.uk) portray a diverse range of individuals to help challenge stereotypical attitudes and support an inclusive image for example, the website contains a number of real apprentice and trainee profiles including Kirk (a BME apprentice technical engineer) and Maria (a female BME trai nee electrical field engineer) producing DVDs for take aims and partner organizations i of the key objectives of the diversity team is to increase the number of applications from under-represented groups. To attract as wide a range of talent as possible, the team has introduced changes to all areas of the recruitment and selection process, including developing partnerships with organizations that have already established relationships with their target audiences reviewing all its policies and practices to remove any gender, race or age bias and changing the emphasis from recruiting for technical ability to recruiting for attitude.4.3 OutreachThe diversity team adopts a number of positive action strategies to raise awareness of the different opportunities available at British Gas among under-represented groups including running taster days and make partnerships with organizations that already work with people who are among their target audience4.4 federation workingRecognizing th at there are difficulties gaining access to under-represented groups, British Gas is focusing this year on developing partnerships with organizations that have already built strong links with its target audiences, including Job centre Plus the capital of the United Kingdom maturement Agency housing associations and specialist groups including the Windsor Fellowship, a charity that offers educational and leadership programs to develop diverse young talent Women and Manual Trades and YWCA, a charity working with disadvantaged women in England and Wales. Another way that British Gas is developing partnerships is by working with other large employers, particularly those that visualize similar issues in the recruitment of a diverse workforce, such as the London Fire Brigade and BT Open reach. The aim of these relationships is to share best practice and data for benchmarking purposes.4.5 Taster daysBritish Gas regularly runs women-only and BME taster days, with the specific aim of attr acting women and ethnic minorities into engineering and apprenticeships. The day is designed to give participants a clearer understanding of the engineering opportunities at British Gas. Attendees are given a presentation on the career paths available, an opportunity to meet engineers to find out what the job is really almost, and a chance to question a panel of recruitment and training experts from the honorary society. Taster days are usually planned to coincide with the availability of apprentice or trainee positions in a particular area, so that if people are interested by what they find out, they can apply while they are still keen.4.6 AmbassadorsBritish Gas has developed a network of engineering ambassadors from its workforce apprentices, trainees and measure up engineers who provide support to the diversity team in recruitment and awareness-raising activities including school visits, careers events and taster days. They areable to promote a positive side to engineering a nd their ability to tell people firsthand what they do on a day-to-day basis and what it is really like to work for the organization is a powerful tool in changing perceptions and in motivating young people, women and those from a BME background to consider a non-traditional career in engineering. The ambassadors are also used as role models in promotional materials such as DVDs, recruitment brochures and the academys dedicated website, and in media campaigns.5.0 Training and DevelopmentTraining changes people to perform better in their jobs, when they perform better they feel pride and fulfillment. (Allen, 1996)To attempt to identify the dynamics in an organization which demonstrate that development of self and others is being taken seriously at all levels and that such investment is having a positive impact on individual and corporate performance. Such a quest begs all sorts of questions, Does strategic training only incorporate that which has a quantifiable effect on business objectives.( Mabey and Salaman ,1999)5.1 British Gas Training & DevelopmentAt British Gas take training and development very seriously, beginning with an deduction program that will give all the skills need to succeed. They want people training to be a rewarding and gratifying experience, so have made sure that trainees are involved all the way through from day one until graduation. And trainees will find that the more they put in, the more theyll get out, with the ultimate goal to be ready for a role within one of our alert British Gas animation Sales teams. Trainees will learn not only about the history of British Gas, but also brand and what it means. Naturally this will include their fantastic products and services, so trainees have the confidence to talk to people about all their energy and home services needs. Companyll also look at the important sales side of the role, helping trainees punish their existing skills, or develop new ones if they dont come from a sales backgr ound.Once completed training, theyll be supported through their first few weeks by an experienced buddy who willbe on hand to offer guidance and develop skills further. In addition manager will also regularly review progress and swear out any queries so trainee wont be left tactual sensation on their own. In short, company has an excellent training package hold for recruits. Training that will give them the skills and knowledge which, in addition to innate enthusiasm, will help take advantage of company position as the largest energy supplier in the UK when speaking with prospective and existing customers. Recruitll also be rewarded for efforts with continued development opportunities.5.2 British Gas AcademyBBBBB Energy AcademyBox 2 The British Gas Energy AcademyEstablished in 2003, the British Gas Energy Academy (the Academy) was set up to address a severe shortage of restricted gas engineers. This was caused largely by the privatization of the gas industry in 1986, which led to major fragmentation of the industry large organizations were broken up while new players entered the market, and the number of qualified engineers in the UK failed to advance up with demand. With a plan to recruit an additional 5,000 new engineers by 2007/08 to address this skills shortage, and recognizing the significant financial investment this would involve, British Gas created the Academy, bringing together existing internal training centers, the recruitment function and the management of third-party training.This facility enabled British Gas to recruit and train large groups of suitable individuals to become fully competent engineers. The Academy runs two types of training programs for those who choose a career as an engineer it offers apprenticeships for individuals wishing to become technical engineers responsible for central heating system maintenance and installation, and traineeships, primarily for people looking for a career change, so they become qualified engineer s responsible for maintaining electrical and gas appliances. In addition to training new recruits, the training centers are used for mandatory competency training and three-yearly assessments of trained engineers to ensure they maintain their skills and keep up to date with new information and technologies.Today the remit of the Academy has since been expanded to handle all volume recruitment for British Gas, including call centre and sales staff as well as induction and skills training for call centre and operational agents and team leaders allrecruitment is channeled through a dedicated website, www.britishgasacademy.co.uk, which has around 38,000 visitors a calendar month the Academy invests around 30 million each year recruiting and training staff training is delivered at a number of purpose-built facilities crosswise the UK, stretching from Hamilton in Scotland to hatcham in Berkshire.6.0 execution ManagementPerformance management is a process on performance measurement ap proaches, such as the balanced scorecard. While the balanced scorecard offers a framework for the ingathering of strategic information, performance management ensures that results are used to influence the selection of planned actions and to foster the renewal of dynamic, competitive strategy. Unlike most tools and techniques, performance management is a continuous, enterprise-wide process, rather than a one-time, isolated event. Six Performance Management imperatives are Compliance Management, Profitability Management, Cost Management, Performance Improvement, and affair Innovation6.1 British Gas Performance ManagementBritish Gas performance appraisals Serve as an objective basis for communicating about performance and Enable the employee to differentiate between unacceptable and acceptable results. increase job, inform new expectations about job performance and encouraging the open and trusting relationship with employees. Performance expectations are the foundation for appraisi ng employee performance. Standards recognize is a baseline for measuring performance. From performance standards, supervisors can provide specific feedback relating the gap between expected and actual performance. 6.2 British Gas use following steps to review employee performancesAsk the employee to meet for the review have the employee estimate progress-to-date. Begin meeting by asking employee to estimate progress-to-date toward each goal. Listen to employees comments and take notes. Discuss progress and praise employee, Manager and employee need to engage in fact-finding and determining progress-to-date. It is vital that regardless of how far away employee is from meeting the goal, manager praise him/her for his/her progress-to-date. Re-negotiate goals and/or resources where exit is significant, If the deviation is downward, manager and his employee should discuss causes and solutions to agree on appropriate actions. curb actions may include increasing available resources, agre eing on activities which will enable employee to meet goals or adjust the goals downward.If, on the other hand, employee is exceeding goals, manager should discuss how added effort and/or resources may be utilized to further exceed the goal. Manager and his employee may decide to add additional goals at this time as well. Write down new agreements and set a follow-up date, Take notes during the discussion. These should be used as a drumhead of the agreements so that both manager and his employee can review them. A new follow-up session should be scheduled at a time when the data will be available to evaluate progress toward the goal(s). thank employee, But what if the performance has been below agreed targets the appraiser must be able to review and set objectives which will improve performance.Performances discussions are monitored externally to ensure consistency .Staff are introduced to a series of mutual benefits. For the individual it stressed clarity of expectations, strengt hs, feedback on results and the improvement in motivation and ability to independently gain recognition. For the organization it stresses performance, team sprit, accountability, reduced errors and flexibility. Performance appraisals looks forward to agree standards, targets and training that will help improve performance and achieve company business objectives.7.0 ReferencesArmstrong,M.(2007)A hand book of human resource management practice ,10th ed,London Kogan PageHendry,C.(1995) Human resource management a strategic approach to employment , 1st ed, Oxford Butterworth HeinemannMarbey,C and Salaman,G. (1998) Human resource management a strategic introduction ,2nd ed, Oxford Blackwell PublishersBratton,J and Gold,j.(2000) Human resource management theory and practice ,2nd ed,London MACMILLAN pressSchuler,R and Jackson,S (1999) Strategic human resource management , 1st ed, Oxford Blackwell PublishersAllen,J.(1996) Motivating people , 1st ed, London Kogan PageForsyth,P.(2001) Develo ping your staff, 2nd ed, London Kogan PagePettinger,R and Allen,K.(2007) Weekend MBA , 1st ed, West Sussex John Willy & SonsBritish Gas (2009)Valuing Employees, web page accessed on 19/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.uk amount Success (2009) Performance Appraisals, web page accessed on 13/12/2009 from http//www.totalsuccess.co.ukGuardian (2009) British energy industry, web page accessed on 10/12/2009 from http// www.guardian.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)British gas academy, web page accessed on 17/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Our business, web page accessed on 08/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Career influencers, web page accessed on 15/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Resources, web page accessed on 18/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)how weve structured, web page accessed on 19/12/2009from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Training and development, web page accessed on 1 9/12/2009 from http//www.britishgasjobs.co.uk

A youth subculture Essay

A youth subculture is a youth-based subculture with distinct styles, behaviors, and inte assuagements. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity outside of that ascribed by mixer institutions such as family, work, home and school. Youth subcultures that show a authoritative hostility to the ascendant culture be sometimes described as counterculturesThe stumblebum subculture, which centres on punk rock medicament, includes a diverse present of ideologies, fashions and forms of expression, including visual art, dance, literature and film. The subculture is largely characterized by anti-establishment views and the promotion of individual freedom. The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States in the mid-1970sA rave (from the verb to rave) is a large party or festival featuring performances by disc joc keystones (colloquially called DJs) and on occasion live performers playing electronic music, curiously electronic dance music (EDM). M usic played at raves include house, trance, techno, drum and bass, hardcore and other(a) forms of electronic dance music with the accompaniment of laser light shows, intercommunicate images, visual effects and smoke machines. The rave scene is know largely worldwide for its use of club drugs, such as MDMA, LSD, and psychedelic mushrooms. jabber culture originated mostly from acid house music parties in the mid-to-late eighties in the lettuce area in the United States.1After Chicago house artists began experiencing overseas success, it quickly spread to the United Kingdom, Central Europe, Australia and the rest of the United States.23 The goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in numerous countries. It began in England during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an appendage of the post-punk genre. The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify. Its imagery and pagan proclivities indicate influences f rom the 19th century Gothic literature along with wickedness films.12In sociology, anthropology and cultural studies, a subculture is a set ofpeople with a distinct sets of behavior and beliefs that differentiate them from a larger culture of which they are a part. The subculture whitethorn be distinctive because of the age of its members, or by their race, ethnicity, class and/or gender, and the qualities that determine a subculture as distinct whitethorn be aesthetic, religious, occupational, political, sexual or a combination of these factors.It may be difficult to identify subcultures because their style (particularly clothing and music) may often be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, as businesses pass on often seek to capitalise on the subversive allure of the subculture in search of cool, which remains valuable in selling any product. This physical process of cultural appropriation may often result in the remainder or evolution of the subculture, as its mem bers adopt new styles which are noncitizen to the mainstream.A common example is the punk subculture of the United Kingdom, whose distinctive (and ab initio shocking) style of clothing was swiftly adopted by mass-market fashion companies in genius case the subculture became a media interest. In this sense, many subcultures hobo be seen to be forever evolving, as their members attempt to remain one step ahead of the dominant culture. In turn, this process provides a constant stream of styles which may be commercially adopted.Many people would consider that the most visible examples of subcultures are youth groups which identify themselves with distinctive styles of dress, activity and music. However, there is a certain difficulty in supplying examples, in that the process by which subcultural style is incorporated by the dominant culture provokes a sound out of constant evolution in many subcultures. Musical subcultures are particularly vulnerable to this process, and so what may be considered a subculture at one stage in its history (jazz, punk, hip-hop, rave culture) may represent mainstream savoring within a short period of time.However, many subcultures in like manner revoke or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. Indeed, the exemption to commercial exploitation may often represent a key part of this ideology.Perhaps the best example would be the punk subculture, which has progressed through several cycles of revival and commercial appropriation in its history. Members of the punk subculture can often be identified by their distinctive clothing, hair, jewellery and tattoos. In contrast to its commercialised variant, many punks consider that the subculture also possesses a distinctive punk ideology which rejects commercialism and conformity. A similar philosophy may be found in underground hip hop culture, which has also faced mass-mark et commercialisation and dilution of its ideals.

Healthcare Interview Essay

IntroductionThis paper is based on a conducted converse of a licensed employee of Larkin confederacy infirmary. This paper leave alone include an overview of Larkin Community Hospital. It exit describe the targeted department, type of work conducted in this department, and specific culture that makes it unique. Furtherto a greater extent, this paper provide describe solely responsibilities in keeping and will consist of questions answered by the interviewee.Overview of Larkin Community HospitalLarkin Community Hospital disunite as a general hospital for those patients who in engage of running(a) and checkup c atomic number 18. Larking Community is a physician-owned, acute care in contend hospital accredited by Joint Commissions. In this facility, patients will engender safest and compressive care at its best quality. This facility offers a variety of run which include bariatric care, cardiology, dental care, emergency care, family practice, memory disorders, occupation al health, outpatient and inpatient care, podiatry and foot, pulmonary care, mental health, surgery, and healing. It accommodates nonmigratory physicianial patients who suffer from physical or mental disabilities. As part of the Graduate Medical Education Committee, it teaches healthcare professionals of all aspects of care by monitoring and reviewing all healthcare decisions. The hospital will also implement and implement policies to gibe regulatory compliance is in order in regards to residents.Targeted DepartmentThe targeted department is the section where patients need more assistance this is what makes facility different from the rest. In this section, resident assistance is acquirable all hours of the day. totally of the employees are trained to provide adequate care. All resident aids are first aid and CPR certified. nonmigratory aids are addressable to provide ambulatory care when need for the patient. Because more care is provided in this section, thither are more resident aids on the floor to make certain that all ineluctably are fulfilled.IntervieweeThe person been interviewed is Ira Agastein, a resident executive program of Larkin Hospital Community. His responsibilities is to make sure that residents are getting appropriate care by performance evaluations, make certain residents receive their medication when needed, and handling complaints by patients or their families. Agastein is in charge of enforcing implications of action plans that are developed to alter operation efficiency. As the resident aid supervisor it is his responsibility to ensure that employees (resident aids and resident aid manager) carry out their assigned duties. This will guaranteed that the department continues to improve and continue to provide the best quality of care to the patients.Career PathWhen asked what about his rush path was, Agastein said it was to dumbfound a resident aid supervisor. Agastein began his course working as a combat medic in the Army National Guard. After a few years, he went to medical school to earn his bachelor full point in psychology. He began working shortly after his commissioning in the Army. After working in this assign for 5 years, he began to nates the resident manager learning the responsibilities of this position. A few months afterwards, he was promoted to resident manager. He knew that he wanted to go further so he began to learn the responsibilities as a resident aid supervisor. When the position was available he applied in hopes of getting the job. Because of his years of experience and acquired friendship he was given the position. Although it can be overbearing at times, Agastein seems to mania his job very much.Educational RequirementsWhat are the fosterageal requirements for the position? Agastein replied that there are some requirements for education where he had obtained a bachelor gradation to get this position, which he did for psychology. While he was in medical school, he had to understand mental behaviors and theories relating to children and young teens. He had to deal with families suffering domestic violence and substance abuse. Also he had to working with people approach shot from socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. He needed to be able to withhold the knowledge of a resident supervisor, which got him in his flow position today. Did your education adequately prepare you for your job?When asked this question Agastein said that without a suspect that his formal education in medical school had prepared him for this job. Since he had worked his way up through the ranks, from enlisted to commissioned he had seen all the aspects of lead and he was well prepared to be put into a supervisor position. What would you say is the most important attri juste for success in this position?Communication is the most important part of success in each position. Agastein said that from the janitor to the director if there is no communication everything will ej ect down and the business will not function. With his success in her current position he says that he has learned that throughout his entire career that communication was always what got his where he wanted to be. Another attribute that he attributes to his success is obedient old fashioned hard work. He says that he has always had to work hard and study a roach because good grades and success in education did not come as behind to him as it did for some of his colleagues. He had to study a lot and not sleep very much through medical school but he was able to pass in the top ten percent of his class. Hard work and dedication pays off well.ConclusionIra Agastein a resident supervisor of Larkin Community Hospital, get bys every aspect of his job and feels that he is right where he needs to be in his career path. He loves working with people and being able to make sure that they are all taken care of in a way that he says would make his grandfatherproud. As a 18 year avail vetera n as a combat medic, he looks forward to retiring from the Army in the near future but he says he probably will never leave the health care field. He has done a lot of things in his 18 year career with the army and done other things, he has spent a lot of time on his education and says that here time in medical school was all worth it. Health care is something that he love and is very good at there is nothing else he would similar to do more.

A Swimming Adventure Essay

Awaking early, I decided to sit on the screened porch and watch the Florida sun descend up. Within a very goldbrick time as I sat there, the sun peaked on the horizon as it gradu all toldy awakened from its night of slumber. The dew sparkled the likes of diamonds as the suns rays tenderly caressed the grass.Off in the distance, I could distinguish the world spring to life as the birds began to sing a outstanding melody, growing louder and louder as each bird began to chirp in unison, like a choir singing in church on sunshine morning. A new day had dawned and I remember persuasion how royal the birds song was and what a wonderful day it was exhalation to be.Returning to my duties as a mom, I started making breakfast for my children, who would wake shortly missing(p) to eat. Within a hardly a(prenominal) legal proceeding, the wonderful aroma of the pancakes and bacon cooking on the stove gave way to the sound of pitter-pattering little feet as they hit the floor. My children Michael, Laura and muzzy were awake and joined me in the kitchen. I seated the children gave them their breakfast and told them that it was going to be a very tropic day and if they ate all of their breakfast and cleaned up the toys, I would halt them to the set down to go liquified.The children, energetic with excitement over the news, hurriedly ate their breakfast and started cleaning up their toys while I cleaned the kitchen.Around noon, the temperature was a blistering 95 degrees as we packed a cooler with sandwiches and drinks. We loaded the trunk with our ch conducts and drumheaded off to the beach.On the way, we saw a black and white cat racing across the street chasing a gray mouse. We p puzzleed a game called I Spy and sang songs to pass the time. Growing closer to the beach Michael spied a snake lying in the road, and asked, Why is the snake lying in the middle of the road mommy? The snakewas dead and not lacking(p) to up fall him, I replied, The snake is basking in the sun so it fire get warm.It was not foresightful before we had reached our destination. Anticipation modify the air as we found the perfect spot and unloaded the car. The children helped set up the chairs and then headed off to swim. Deciding to relax a few minutes, I took in the peaceful views that lay before me.The beach was cover with white sand and on each side of the swimming sports stadium were large boulders and rocks that had been piled up. There were several covered tables and a bathroom area. numerous people were contend in the weewee while others were lying on their towels and blankets on the sandy beach. A volleyball game was taking crop a few yards away and I remember thinking how hot it was as the glaring sun beat down on everyone. notice the children playing in the surf, the waves from the bank looked fun and almost childlike as they crested and then crashed over one another. I could taste the common salt in the air and watched little rainbows glisten through the prisms of the seas spray. The warm ocean water toward the shore was covered with foam and bubbles from the muttering waves as my children and other families played in the gritty sand of the Gulf. I watched the seagulls swoopdown as a child threw small pieces of cultivated cabbage up in the air. The sea gulls were white and gray and had a long orange beak. I remember thinking to myself, This is going to be a perfect day.The children are playing and laughing in the ocean and call out Come on mom, come and play. I start towards the water trying not to step on both of the tiny hermit crabs as they emerge from their sandy homes in search of scraps. I reached the water no crabs injured and plunged head first into a two-foot wave coming to shore, hah How refreshing.My children and I are swimming and playing together in the cool refreshing water. I convey them one by one tossing them slightly in the air and permitgo, I hear them shriek with delight as they plummet towards the water with a splash This exciting activity is repeated several time until my arms give out and I am forced to take a break, much to the dismay of my children who are having a wonderful time. I stand there in about iii feet of water when my children come up with another exciting game they start swimming through my legs playing mommy is a bridge. I remember thinking son I wish I had their energy. After resting a few minutes I picked them up, placed them one at a time on my back and began to swim we slowly swam under the blue water and up again and I could hear them giggle with excitement and say Do it again mommy, do it again.A short time subsequent a commotion broke out interrupting our games, I struggled to hear what everyone was shouting about and saw people running to the waters frame in and pointing about fifty feet from where the children and I were playing. Looking in the direction they were pointing, aman with his daughter in tow yells, SHARK without hesitation, I l et out to my son, Michael, get out of the water I grabbed Laura and Misty and headed to shore. My adrenalin pumping we reached the shore incredibly fast, like a bolt of lightning streaking across the night sky. simply when we were safely on shore did we look back to see three fins just skimming the surface of the water. I stood there stunned and floor watching the fins, wondering what kinds of sharks they were and very grateful that everyone was in one piece.A few minutes later, the fins disappeared beneath the surface and everyone was treated to a grand sight, there off in the distance, were three dolphins jumping high into the air and making a big splash as they entered the water. The dolphins took turns jumping and playing sometimes they would jump in unison, as if dancers in a utter line.As fast as they had appeared, the dolphins slipped beneath the waves and headed out to sea. I wondered if the dolphins laughed to themselves thinking about how they had scared the two-legged creatures from the wateror if they were just as suspicious about us as we were of them. With the all clear, we headed back into the water and move swimming and playing games.A short time later, the children became hungry so we decided to get something to eat and drink. The ham and cheese sandwich tasted dependable and the Pepsi was refreshing. As we ate, the children began to get goose bumps so I covered their shoulders with a blanket.Hours later, the sun setting, we gathered our belongings, packed up the car and ventured home. The children tired from a full day of fun and games fell asleep quickly. Not wanting to wake the children, I turned off the radio and listened to the hum of the travel as we made our way home.Later as I lay in bed I replayed the days events in my mind, from the arresting sunrise, the splendor of the birds as they sang, the laughter of they children as the played, the show of the dolphins, the beauty of the beach and the setting sun, I thanked God for all the wonderful gifts he had give me.THE ENDGraded and Corrected A+ paperThe teacher valued us to write an essay about something that happned in our lives. I scored a 94% on this essay due to poor punctuation, which has since been fixed.

Osmoregulation in Fish Essay

Osmosis in the movement of pee molecules by dint of a selectively porous membrane. It occurs from a region of high wet minginess to a region of low water concentration. The control of water balance in animals is known as osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism. The personate fluids of a common common salt water slant are hypotonic (higher in water concentration) compared with the surrounding sea water the sea water is consequently hypertonic. Because of this they constantly lose water by osmosis through its selectively permeable gill and gut membranes. To replace its loses and maintain its water balance, the fish drinks the sea water.The chloride secretory cells in the gills of the fish actively secrete the excess salt gained from drinking the sea water back out into the sea by an energy requiring process known as active transport, against a concentration gradient. The kidneys of salt water fish just now contain a a couple of(prenominal) small glomer uli, which results in a low filtration rate of blood and only a small volume of urine being formed. In addition, salt water fish convert their nitrogenous waste to a non-toxic form, trimethylamine oxide, which requires borderline amount of water for its removal.Over millions of years of evolution, clear water fish have adapted to carry out osmoregulation. The body fluids of a fresh water fish are hypertonic compared with the surrounding water and consequently they constantly gain water by osmosis. Fresh water fish gain water through the lining of their stomach and their gut the aforesaid(prenominal) as salt water fish. In order to maintain a water balance, fresh water fish have to constantly swallow excess water. Their kidneys possess a number of adaptations which make the constant inhalation of water easy to cope with their kidneys possess many large glomeruli allowing fast filtration of the blood and the tubules reabsorb mineral salts from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream, resulting in a large volume of very dilute urine. Using chloride secretory cells in their gills, fresh water fish area able to actively uptake mineral salts from the water which are lost in the urine.

Portfolio Models Essay

The physical exertion of portfolio poseurs in merchandising has been gaining increase mapping since 1960s. The portfolio moldings were developed with the aim of dower in the development of commercialise donation and growth. These models have been utilise as strategicalal thinking model in the devising of melody stopping point. These models entangle BCG, General electric/shell, Hofner-Schendel, Experience pervert and Porters emulous models. Each model has been criticized on the capabilities and according to its scope on market share. These models have been inst either to lead to the wrong ending in investment and contrastive business processes.The portfolio models assume a causal kin between the market share and the profitability of a product in the market. The common scope of portfolio models is the right smart it tries to ignores some of the almost relevant strategic issues in business. Therefore, all models stop non be taken as an efficacious strategic de limitination do model. It should save be discarded or it should be employmentd with caution. This paper does not recommend the use of portfolio models and an alternative style should be sought to knock back this. IntroductionPortfolio models can be defined as a method acting or strategy in which a brand- youthful product pull up stakes out be introduced in the market and perform as it was expected. In the 1960s, in that respect was growing assertion of the use of portfolio models in merchandising. There was growing please on the development of market share and growth strategy which subsequent came to be known as merchandising portfolio. The BCG ground substance, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models and GE/S were meant to hand the trade needs in particular when introducing impertinently products in the market.They were meant to stimulate strategic thinking especially among the senior marketing executives in the turbulent business enviro nment. However, there has been dysfunction of these models in the way they are taught and the way they are use in the market. This oeuvre allow for look into the applicability of portfolio models in strategic decision making in marketing. The study will evaluate the view from a number of writings to understand whether the model can really be utilise to the decision making process or not.This paper therefore evaluates the available literature which has given an insight into this model to understand how it can be applied in strategic marketing decision. There are other methods that were introduced to give a product a distinctive market share especially when its introduced. There are four commonly used methods to burn down this matter, the Boston consulting group (BCG), the General electric/shell (GE/S), Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models.Therefore to give the clear meaning of the portfolio model, there is a need to understand how the portfolio model s work. The first step to be taken when apply the above models is to understand the different business/ marketing strategies of the comp two. Portfolio models in marketing decisions Portfolio models management generally defines the way business comes up with strategic decision to venture into the market. In this definition, the strategic marketing decision is a method by which marketing ideas are made and implemented in identify for a product to have stronger grounds in the market.At any one time, company will be coming up with new product which will need to be introduced to the market in the most winnerful way. Portfolio models therefore provide the business with primal tools for analyzing of the strategic decision to determine their effectiveness in the market (Abell and Hammond, 1979, p. 42). Purpose of portfolio models in strategic decision making in marketing There are chiefly four main purpose of using the portfolio models in the strategic marketing decisions which are pu rsued in portfolio management and moldiness be achieved through any model that is used.These goals allow the maximization of portfolio, seeking of the right equilibrate of the available projects, aligning of the portfolio strategically, and aligning the projects to the available resource (Ansoff, 1984, p. 12). Smith and Swinyard (1999, p. 2) withal show that portfolio marketing models are important for an organization to assess the general success of a new product in the market ahead a lot of money is used in the development of the product. They both call for the use of multiple marketing models in site to achieve the overall success of introducing new products in the market.This will reduce the ill rate of the products and extend their life cycle in the market. (Thomas, 2002, p. 61) The models can overly be used as important tools to predict the level of controversy and therefore draw upon effective way of beating this competition. They help to forecast the performance o f a product in the market so as to draw up strategies to effectively introduce it in the market. Edgett, Cooper, and Kleinschmidt (2002, p. 2) showed that in order to achieve full development of a new product in the market, there has to be effective portfolio management.There are different types of portfolio models that include the BCG, GE/S, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. In his review of the portfolio models, sidereal day (1977, p. 32) showed that the use of bubble diagrams had been gaining increasing use in business. Day shows that these models correspond the portfolio models with stars, cash cows, dogs, and others. He showed that these models could be used successfully to forecast the market in the future.Day therefore asserted the role of hyaloplasm same(p) Boston matrix in marketing. The Boston matrix could be used to show four quadrants as has been shown by Day and corresponding strategies which could be used in each quadrant. However D ay criticizes the matrix on the sense that it is too narrow on its scope. He asserts that the BCG matrix has a narrow focus on the market share of the product. On the other hand Morrison and Wensley (1991, p. 106) provided an insight into the portfolio planning models as used in making business decision.They asserted that the use of BCG matrix in portfolio management is check by difficulties in measurement of the rate of market growth and the relation market share of the product. This is due to a number of reasons. They gave the most grownup reason being the fact that market boundaries are often genuinely difficult to fix which meant the different matrix methods will give different recommendations for a given situation. Therefore they argue that the common scope of BCG matrix in a way ignores some of the most relevant strategic issues in business.Though these other models are not as famed as BCG, Day still argues that use of them could also lead to success in the market. Day ad vocated and recommended the use of Porters competitiveness that he viewed to have high possibilities of success than other models if its well implemented. It is commonly used in an already operating business with other products in the market. The experience curve can only be help to the company that has been in the market for quondam(prenominal) with a different product.The experience that the company has gained in the given catamenia will determine the force of the company in the market. This has been used by several companies like coca-cola in the introduction their mineral water. It would be rugged for a company that has not been doing well in the market to travel along with the new product. They showed that Boston matrix was a technique for one period and not for all the season. This is because its popularity and use increased in the 1960s and seventies and then plummeted due to the challenges faced in the market.They showed that the single chart could be successfully use d to determine the growth potential and the competitive strength of a product in the market but this has rapidly changed with time. Armstrong and Brodie (1994, p. 38) evaluation on the applicability of the Boston matrix concluded that the use of the matrix to guide investors often would result to wrong decision through the use of BCG. General Electric and Shell, Porters competitive models are designed for long term use in the market, once the product has been introduced in the market, the models techniques still continues to clog the product through the entire life in the market.Whichever model is used, it has to be used for entire life of the company because no other model will fit without altering the companies business especially when the company is introducing new product in the market. Although they based their study on a subaltern number of graduates in a class, they gave a further warning against the use of the matrix in a simple mind. Armstrong and Brodie (1994, p. 3) car ried out a study on the effect of the portfolio planning methods on the overall decision making process.Their study pointed out the weakness in the use of BCG matrix in making strategic decision in an organization. Their study revealed that the use of BCG matrix in making investment decisions was highly probable to lead to unsuccessful investment while Robert and Merton (1989, p. 210) advocates that the implementation of other models instead of matrix were think for lifetime decision making. If not well implemented, there is a opportunity of causing life time losings and would be hard to reform unless the product is withdrawn from the market.Each model has some weaknesses bas they are assailable out in the way models assume a casual relationship between the market share and the profitability of a product in the market. Morison and Wesley (1991, p. 26) also pointed out lack of consistency in the use of the portfolio models in determining market growth and profits. These studies give varied views on the use of Boston matrix, GE/S, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models in making marketing decision. They all seem to point out on the weaknesses of these models in light of their theory and application.There are other ways a business can prosper other than using portfolio models. The strategies used in introducing the product in the market is all that matters, portfolios are just to give the business a rough idea on how to approach the marketing matter but not to give a conclusive ill-use which the business should follow. Conclusion Portfolio models are applied in portfolio management. They are applied in management to make strategic marketing decision. Though they had gained increasing use in different times, they have some weaknesses that are calamitous to the welfare of the business in future.On the other hand they whitethorn give a rough idea on how to approach the market issues and on how to introduce the new product in the mar ket. In all portfolios, not is able to predict the growth and the profit margins or losses on the other hand for the product, thus making them less important tool for the marketing. However the use of models should be discarded and there be implemented new strategies that would be able to address the issues of the business on long term and in both growth and revenues that are likely to be gained by the introduced product.Recommendations The use of portfolio models is not recommended and if they have to be used, they must be implemented with great caution. None of all models has proofed an effective strategic decision making in regard to the marketing issues. It should but be discarded or it should be used with caution. This paper does not recommend the use of portfolio models and an alternative way should be sought to fill in this.