Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetes Experiment

Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetes ExperimentMATERIALS AND METHODS3. MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Animal Selection and C beSTZ induced diabetes are commonly performed in Male Wistar Kyoto rats. In these models, manlike Wistar rats at 8 work calendar weeks of age (200300 g) are selected from animal supply facility of SGPGIMS Lucknow, and house in a 12-h light, 12-h dark cycle environment, temperature 25C, with beat rat diet and water in metabolic cages for one week prior to STZ treatments. The study had clearance from Institute animal ethics committee.3.2 Study name Wistar Rat ( planning and Validation of animal model of DN) 50 mg/kg STZ induced Diabetic Rat (n=3) Normal Rat (n=3) later 8th week rat are sacrificed for validation of Diabetic nephropathy3.3 Induction and Validation of Diabetes by StreptozotocinT here is a lack of appropriate animal model that could ad libitum develop DN. It has been a significant limitation to find out specific factors that is underlying this disease and also the development of new therapeutic manners or strategies to sustain progressive renal disease in diabetes (Morcelo A. Nobrega et. al. 2004). Most Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats are used as model for performing STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy. Here, in these models, 8 weeks old masculine rats (200-250gm) are starved or kept on fasting for 18hrs and after that STZ was injected intraperitoneal (WKY-50mg/kg, SD-55mg/kg and SHR-45mg/kg) with sodium citrate buffer (1ml/kg) (Ma G et. al. 2004 and Cooper ME et. al. 1988). STZ given here intraperitoneally to the rats, however, it is a very less common procedure as intravenous injections are comparatively easy to perform in rats and give more trusty results. In addition to the STZ dosage required for inducing diabetes via an intraperitoneal route is relatively nobleer as compared to other route. After giving STZ, the rats should be given fertile a passel of drinking water with sucrose for 48 hrs (15g/L), to avoi d early mortality of rats as stored insulin is released from damaged pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. After completion of 1 week of STZ induction, the rats must be assessed for hyperglycaemia and also those with fasting blood glucose of over 280 mg/dl (15 mmol/L), which is usually around 90%, and it should be included in the studies of diabetic nephropathy. In order to prevent subsequent development of ketone uria, subsequent injections of long-acting insulin (approx. 2-4 U/rat) should be given daily to maintain the blood glucose levels in a desirable range(300-600 mg/dl, 16-33 mmol/l) (Davis BJ et. al. 2003). Studies exploring the effects of treatment on the development of DN should non be underway until at least 3 weeks after STZ when the kidneys live improved from the acute mild nephrotoxic effects of STZ (Kraynak AR et. al. 1995)This drug i.e., STZ has been shown to induce a diabetic state in 72 hrs (3 days) as enter by examining toilet blood samples using a Glucometer (Opti mum Exceed) Diabetic animals and non-diabetic control group were kept in metabolic cages individually and separately and under provide and metabolism control. Glucose in the blood of diabetic rats exceeded that of the non-diabetic control ones. Food consumption was measured in terms of (gm), water consumption was measured in terms of (ml) and urine volume was measured in terms of (ml) on a daily basis and glucose in blood serum were also measured, so that chemic diabetes was verified in rats injected with Streptozotocin.3.4 Estimation of CreatinineModified Jaffes method was used for colorimetric estimation of creatinine concentration in urine samples.PrincipleCreatinine + picric acid Creatinine picrate (Yellow) (Orange)The sequential orange color is measured colorimetrically. However, the intensity of the resultant orange color is directly proportional to the concentration of creatinine in the sample.MethodDraw the Blood from a vein and then transferred into the vial.Centrifuge the blood for 10 proceedings and Serum is obtained.Separate out the serum in different eppendrofs.The concentration of creatinine is calculated in the serum sample using the Jaffes method, as followsIn a clean juiceless test tube add 0.5 ml distilled water (blank) or serum (test), add 0.5 ml NaOH and then 0.5 ml picric acid.Mix all the contents of each tube.Left to stand for 15 minutes.The absorbance is measured at easy lay 500 nm.If a standard creatinine solution (0.55 mg/dl) has an absorbance value of 0.30, then the concentration of creatinine in the provided serum sample is calculated by using the future(a) equationCtest = Cstd x 3.5 Estimation of Urinary AlbuminEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay) for detection of rat albumin in serum, plasma or urine. Other biological fluids that contain Rat Albumin, such as faeces or saliva, may be suitable samples.3.5.1 PrincipleThe antigen present in urine sample are allowed to stick to a poly v inyl and then plate is washed to separate antigen and antibodies from remaining sample components. To this plate a corresponding second antibody is added to get heady to the already adhered first antigen in the plate. To this added second antibody, an enzyme is also tagged is that, when a suitable substrate is added, the enzyme reacts with it to produce a colour. This colour produced is measurable as a function or quantity of antigen present in the urine sample and on that point by identified.3.5.2 Chemical and material required96-well plateELISA applications programme BufferELISA Wash SolutionELISA jam BufferSample/Conjugate Diluent (ELISA Blocking Buffer + Tween 20)10% Tween 20Enzyme Substrate, TMBELISA Stop SolutionAdditional Materials RequiredUltrapure waterPrecision pipettors, with disposable plastic tipsPolypropylene, polyethylene or glass tubes to prepare standard and samplesContainers to prepare buffersAn purpose device or an automated 96-well plate washerDisposable re agent reservoirsA standard microtiter plate reader for measuring absorbance at 450 nm3.5.3 ProcedureAdded vitamin C l of diluted coating antibody to each well. Samples were run in duplicate.Incubated at way of life temperature (20-25 C) for 1 hour.Washed plate quintette times.Added 200 l of Blocking Solution to each well.Incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes.Washed plate FIVE times.Added coke l of standard or sample to well.Incubated at room temperature for 1 hour.Washed plate FIVE times.Added degree Celsius l of diluted HRP detection antibody to each well.Incubated at room temperature for 1 hour.Washed plate FIVE times.Added 100 l of TMB Substrate Solution to each well.Developed the plate in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes.Reaction was stopped by adding 100 l of Stop Solution to each well.Absorbance was measured on a plate reader at 450 nm.3.5.4 PrecautionsStore all reagents at 2-8C. Do not freeze reagents.All reagents must be at room temperature (20-25 C) b efore use.Vigorous plate washing is essential.Use new disposable pipet tips for each transfer to avoid cross-contamination.Minimize lag time between wash steps to ensure the plate does not becomeCompletely dry during the assay.Avoid microbial contamination of reagents and equipment. Automated plateWashers can easily become contaminated thereby causing assay variability.Take care not to contaminate the TMB Solution. Do not expose TMBSubstrate solution to glass, foils, or metal. If the solution is blue before use, do not use it3.6 Oral Glucose tolerance TestRats are fasted overnight (12-16 hours) before the test, sedated rats, will be given 50 % dextrose (3ml/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. Whole blood will be collected from the darkness vein at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the administered of glucose for the measurement of glucose with a glucometer.3.6.1 Material Required Glucometer and glucose stripsDextroseGauge needlesTimer and composeTable of mice for record keepin g of glucose values 3.6.2 Preparations before the testWeigh the animals before the test. The animals are fasted overnight (approximately 16 hours 5 pm to 9 am). send out each of the animals in a separate fresh cage with no food, but make sure they have water bottles. Make sure that there is no activity in the animal room before and while you are performing the test. Prepare the glucose solution the night before the test.3.6.3 Procedure After the overnight fast, blood glucose was find (time 0) in a drop of blood as following Rats were postd on top of the cage (let it hold onto the grid). The tail tip was pricked with a needle, wiped off the tail tip with gauze, and the next drop of blood was used for the determination of glucose with a glucometer. Glucose solution was given orally. Blood glucose was determined at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of glucose. For the determination of glucose at each of these time points collected a drop of blood as following w iped the cut end of the tail to break any blood clot that had formed and collected the next drop of blood. If the blood does not search spontaneously milk the tail by holding the tail between your thumb and index finger and move along the tail from the base of the tail to the tip of the tail while applying gentle pressure.3.7 Assessment of Renal Histopathological Injury3.7.1 Tissue preparation for histologyAfter 8 weeks the rats were weighed, sacrificed out in accordance to the institutional animal ethics committee by using suitable anaesthetic agent (Ketamine) and their kidneys were taken out. Left kidneys were perfusion laid for Histopathological and IHC studies and right kidneys were freezed immediately for western blotting and RT-PCR.Preparation of paraffin blocks of kidneyKidneys were preserved in Para- formaldehyde is taken out in a glass slab for sectioning. A two cross section of upper half of kidney was done with sterile blade for paraffin embedding.The whole process for preparation of paraffin blocks took two days.Day firstThe Formalin fixed kidneys were picked up and place in plastic cassettes was sequentially dipped in alcohol for dehydration. The schedule is as followed50% alcoholic beverage1.5hrs70% alcohol1 hrs.80% Alcohol1 hrs.90% Alcohol1hrs100% Alcohol 1hrs (twice)The cassette containing the wind was left over(p) overnight in 100% absolute alcohol.Day SecondOn second day we perform the following treatment to tissue containing cassetteCassette was removed from 100% alcohol and dipped for CHCl3 treatments Chloroform (A) 1.5 hours.Chloroform (B) 1.5 hours.Chloroform (C) 1.5 hours.The cassette was then kept in melted paraffin wax (at 58C 65C in water bath) following two changes of paraffin wax for proper blocking.The leaf blade chocks are kept at the 65C electronic heater and the paraffin treated kidney in plastic cassettes are opened and place in pre-heated steel chocks together with melted paraffin wax and closed with cassette.Block w as kept at room temperature to solidify the melted wax.The paraffin block containing tissue was sectioned with microtome. The block was fit properly in the Microtome machine 5 sections were cut.3.8 bimonthly Schiffs Acid (PAS) Staining3.8.1 PrinciplePAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) is a method of staining used for the detection of polysaccharides i.e., glycogen and mucosubstances that is glycoproteins and glycolipids. PAS stain is a histochemical reaction. In the reaction, periodic acid oxidises vicinal diols in these sugar. It oxidized the aldehyde formed by carbon-carbon bonding that react with fuchsin-sulphurous acid and forms the magenta colour. This periodic acid exposes the glycogen to give a colouring product. The Schiffs reagent is a very specific agent that only reacts with the carboxylic group compounds.Material required Glass curves and cover slipsPoly Lysine (Sigma Aldrich, USA)XyleneGraduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%)Periodic acidSchiff ReagentHaematoxylinAcid a lcohol (1% HCl in 70% alcohol)DPX mountant3.8.3 communications protocol for PAS StainingKeep the Poly-Lysine cover slides on hot plate for 15-20 min.Dip in perfervid up Xylene for 10 min twice.Pass the slide through graded alcohol100% alcohol- (10 minutes) twice90% alcohol (5 minutes)70% alcohol (5 minutes)50% alcohol (5 minutes) 30% alcohol (5 minutes)Dip in distilled water for 5 min.Place the slide containing section into 0.5 % Periodic acid for 5 minutes. clean with distilled water.Schiff Reagent was added for 10 min until deep magenta colour appear.Wash in running tap water for 5 min.Counter stain in haematoxylin brush with distilled water.If high stain come, then wash with acid alcohol (1% HCl+70% alcohol)Wash the slide in tap water.Dehydrate in alcohol, and dry the slides.After drying mount the slides by DPX mountant.Massons Trichrome Staining3.9.1 PrincipleMT Staining method is used to demonstrate the increase of collagen in diseases. This method of staining uses lead dyes of contrasting colours for the selective staining of basic tissue components i.e., muscle, collagen fibers, fibrin, and erythrocytes. The oecumenic phenomenon of trichome staining is that smallest dye molecule colours or stains the less porous tissues. However, the sagacity of dye of larger molecular size is depends on the expense of small molecules. Some others suggests that the acid dye firstly stained the tissue then the Biebrich chromatic will binds with the acidophilic components of the tissue, after which when treated with the phosphor acids, the components that are less permeable will retain the red colour, because of the collagen this red colour is pulled out and at the kindred point of time causing a link with the collagen to bind with the aniline blue. . At the outset it must be made clear that the methods control how ionized acid dyes react with ionised basic tissues. 3.9.2 Material requiredBouins solutionXyleneGraduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%)Weig erts iron hematoxylin solutionBiebrich scarlet acid fusinphosphomolybedic-phosphotungustic acid solutionAniline blue solution 3.9.3 Protocol for MT StainingKeep the Poly-Lysine coated slides on hot plate for 15-20 min.Dip in warm Xylene for 10 min twice.Pass the slide through graded alcohol100% alcohol- (10 minutes) twice90% alcohol (5 minutes)70% alcohol (5 minutes)50% alcohol (5 minutes) 30% alcohol (5 minutes)Dip in distilled water for 5 min.For formalin fixed tissue, re-fix in Bouins Solution for 30 minutes to 1 hr. at 56C to improve the staining quality although this step is not necessary.Rinse in running tap water for 5-10 minutes to remove the yellow color.Stain in Weigerts iron hematoxylin working solution for 10 minutes.Rinse in running warm tap water for 10 minutes.Wash in D/WStain with Biebrich Scarlet Acid Fusin for 5 minutes. note in phosphophosphomolybedic-phosphotungustic acid solution for 10-15 minutes.Transfer the section directly (without rinse) to aniline blue solution and stain for 5-10 minutes.Rinse directly in D/W and differentiate in 1% Acetic acid solution for 2 minutes.Rinse slides, dehydrate through AlcoholClean slides in xylene jump on with DPX mountant.NoteNuclei-Black, Muscle Fibre-Red, Collagen-Blue, Cytoplasm-RedModified Immunohistochemistry3.10.1 Principle Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the process whereby antibodies are used to detect proteins (antigens) in cells within a tissue section (for instance liver, pancreas or the heart). Immunohistochemistry exploits the principle that in biological tissues antibody binds to the specific antigens. This tool is used to localize specific antigens in tissue sections with labelled antibodies based on antigen-antibody interactions. This antigen-antibody interaction can be visualized in number of ways i.e., the immune reactive products can be visualized by a marker including fluorescent dyes, enzymes in general radioactive elements or colloidal gold. This IHC technique is widely used by the researcher in basic research for understanding the differentially expressed proteins and for the pickle and distribution of biomarkers in different- different parts of biological tissues.3.10.2 Material requiredPoly-Lysine coated slide.Xylene1X- PBS buffer.(Sigma Aldrich Inc., USA)Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%)DPX mountant for microscopyAcid alcohol (1% HCl in 70% alcohol)citrate bufferSodium BorohydrateHydrogen PeroxideBlocking solutionPrimary antibodySecondary antibodyStreptovidin HRP3.10.3 Protocol for Modified ImmunohistochemistryCut the section of 3 to 5 m.Warm the slide on hot plate (55c) for 30.Dip the slide in warm Xylene twice for 10 minutes.Wash the slides three times in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each.Dehydration using 100% Alcohol twice for 10 minutes each and 90, 80, 40, 50 and 30 percent for 5 each in conjunction jar.Wash thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each.Antigen retrieval -10 minutes for 98c in citrate buffer pH-6(Note 0.294 gm in 100 ml M Q with pH=6, 1 10mm citrate buffer)Here we are using pressure cooker for Antigen retrievalCool the citrate Buffer slides.Give the Sodium Borohydrate treatment in coupling jar (To remove Background). (Dark Condition) (Note- 1% NaBH4)Wash slides thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minute each.Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking(3% H2O2 in wood alcohol or water Dip the slides in it and keep it for 30).Wash thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each.Blocking solution0.3% triton X and 5% sheep serum in 1xPBS or 1xTBSFor 2ml (6l Triton, 100 l sheep serum, 19 of 94 l (1xPBS or 1xTBS)) 14. Blocking for 30minutes at 37c in lab (some time 1hour also)Wash the slides thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 each.Primary antibody in TBS or PBS solution, left overnight at 4c(Note 1200 dilution for fibronectin 1500 dilution of Collagen IV).Wash the slides thrice in 1xTBS or 1xPBSSecondary antibody added on slide and keep it for 30 to 1hour. But parafilm on it. (Note 1200 dilution)Wash the slide thrice in 1xTBSor 1XPBS for 5 minu tes.Streptovidin HRP (1200) in 1xTBS or 1xPBS for 20 minutes at Room temperature.Three wash in 1xTBS 5 minutes each.DAB (Till color in Brown) (15 minutes)23.1xPBS (5minutes) wash24. Counterstain for 30 seconds with Hematoxylene (Directly put on slide)25. 1xTBS or PBS immediate wash26. Dehydrate and dry and mount

A Socio Cultural Analysis of Singapore

A Socio Cultural Analysis of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore1. Introduction1.1 SingaporeSingapore is an island country which is one of the four Asian tiger countries. Singapore is regarded as one of the knowledge bases most prosperous countries with strong international duty links and its per capita GDP is equal to leading nations of Europe. (https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn.html). According to the singstat.gov.sg, Singapore had the population of 4,987,600 populate in 2009 and 3,200,700 were Singapore citizen. The rest 2 million were other nationalities. These nationalities argon Chinese, Indonesians, Indians, Malays, Vietnamese, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodians and so forth. These nationalities settle in Singapore for various purposes. Thus, Singapore is regarded as the multicultural country.1.2 Socio-Cultural Analysis of SingaporeAccording to Geert Hofstedes five cultural dimensions, following cultural dimension great poweres a tomic number 18 indentified.Power distance index74Individualism index20Masculinity index48Uncertainty avoidance index8Long-term orientation index48Table1. Five cultural dimensions of Singapore in that locationfore, Singapore is collectivism country imputable to the individualism index of 20. As it is a high collectivism society, less powerful number of sight accepts the unsymmetrical power distribution among the family or organization which is common in high collectivism society. Masculinity index of 48 proves both female and males in Singapore have equal opportunity for their lives. The most interesting index is uncertainty avoidance index which is 8. Therefore, Singaporeans ar regarded as risk takers who prefer changes and challenges. As for the coarse term orientation index, Singapore has the index of 48 which is normal, neither long-term nor short-term oriented.In devote to relate, Geert Hofstede five cultural dimension indexes and the impact on market send outing, followi ng facts are indentified. Firstly, as power distance index of Singapore is 74 which is high, therefore, marketing luxury items, global brands, high quality and innovative products industrial plant in Singapore as in high power distance culture, one social status must be clear to be well-thought-of by others. Marketing products in Singapore should focus on needs of a society, family and group rather than individual due to the individualism index of 20. Moreover, products in Singapore should be continuously innovative, value added and features are to be improved as the uncertainty avoidance is rattling low, 8. As Singapore is normal in long/short term orientation index, products raft be either long term or short term purposes. Similarly, maleness index of Singapore is 48 that mean balance in values of both masculinity and femininity. From the marketing perspective, products that are marketed to masculine culture should be status products as masculinity refers to achievement, succes s and recognition.1.3 Economic AnalysisEconomy of Singapore depends heavily on exports, which are consumer electronics and information technology products. Singapore practised successful free market economy with corruption free environment. Per-capita GDP of Singapore is equivalent to that of four largest West-European countries (www.nationmaster.com). GDP per capita of Singapore in 2009 was approximately 50,300 USD. In 2008 and 2007, it was 52,200 USD and 52,300 USD respectively according to CIA world facts book. Based on the World Banks doing business 2010 and 2009 report, Singapore is ranked 1 in ease of doing business. Moreover, Singapore is also ranked 1 in employing workers and trading across borders. As for the closing business Singapore is ranked 2. As for the low corruption rate, Singapore is ranked 1 in Asia and 4 in the world.In order to increase the growth of Singapores economy, government decided to create the two integrated resorts with casino licenses. Marina Bay Sand s was awarded the first license which is a more business focused integrated resort. Second license was awarded to Resorts world at Sentosa, a family oriented integrated resort. These integrated resorts are expected to crap 35,000 jobs. The Singapore government attracts large scale of foreign investment by enforcing two policies which are pro-foreign investment and export-oriented. According to economywatch.com, United States is the leading investor in Singapore. There are a number of factors influences the economic development of Singapore. The main reason is due to the increasing demand of electronic products around the world which benefits the Singapore as it is the major producer of electronic goods. Other industries contributed in economic growth of Singapore are pharmaceuticals, financial service of processs and manufacturing.The2. ProductAccording to socio-cultural analysis development by Geert Hofstede five cultural dimension model, piece of furniture products do of tea k are decided to market Singapore. These products are manufactured by Myanmar teak corporation limited is using precious teaks from Myanmar. Most of the furniture in Singapore is made of leathers, fibre, iron, plastics, recycled woods and so forth. Although there is some furniture made from wood, it is very difficult to find furniture made of teak.2.1 Relative Advantage furniture made from teak is usually expensive and regarded as luxury furniture because teaks are expensive as it takes decades to get teak trees and its advantages. Furniture made from teak is durable, strong, and resistant to moisture, fire, acid and alkalis. Moreover, it is highly resistant from rotting, sun, rain, frost or snow. Once it is bought, it toilette be used for many decades.Furniture made of teak is easy to clean from spilled drinks and food while others are hard to remove the stains. Although the natural coloring material of the teak is golden brown, it hindquarters be changed to reddish brown or da rk brown. Therefore, the colour of the teak is easy to alter and colour will pay back for a long time. Another advantage of teak is producing natural oils that prevent termites and wood damaging insects. This natural oil maintains the solidness of the wood, life span and potentiality which therefore unnecessary for the user to apply chemicals. Resistant to weathers, rotting and wood damaging insects make teak furniture to be ageless. Teak is easy to pulp and craft.2.2 CompatibilityTeak furniture is compatible for Singapore, according to high power distance index (74) of Hofstede. Having teak furniture show the high status and wealth of that psyche comparing to other furniture made of fibre, plastic, and recycled woods. In Singapore, decorating home with arts, sculptures, furniture, lighting and latest electronic products are found in house of wealthy people. Teak furniture is mainly used in International hotels, high-class restaurants, and furniture of international companies es pecially for meeting tables. International hotels and high-class restaurants have furniture made of teak because westerners and Europeans value teak furniture and handicraft products.2.3 TrialabilityFurniture showrooms in Singapore allow customers to try before purchase. For example, customer can sit on the couch or sofa to test the comfort of the products. In Singapore, furniture showrooms are decorated with its product. Decorating furniture show rooms with its products enable customers to test the product, recognise the convenience of the product, and get the idea how products can be designed in particular location. For example, in IKEA all furniture is shown to try and test before the purchase. Customers are allowed to use the tables, sit on chairs and sofa and lie on bed.3. The Market3.1 Geographical RegionSingapore is located at the South eastbound Asia which is environ by Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore is also known as an island Nation which is 3.5 times size of the Wash ington DC according to nationmaster.com. It has total area of 692.7 km that had a population of 4,987,600 people in 2009. Singapore has smaller islands which are Jurong, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin, and Sentosa. Among them, Sentosa is the largest one. Highest point of Singapore is Bukit Timah which is 166m above sea level whereas the lowest point is Singapore passport 0m which is a major shipping route of South vitamin E Asia. In Singapore, climate is hot, tropical, humid and rainy. There are two distinct monsoon seasons which are North-eastern monsoon beginning from December to March and South-western monsoon takes June to September.3.2 TransportationPublic transit is the major source of transferee heavily used by people for daily purposes. Public transportation includes MRT, LRT, and Buses. SMRT Corporation Ltd (SMRT) is Singapores multi-modal transport service provider offering integrated island-wide transport services including trains, buses, and taxis. SBS transit started its operation in 2003 which is North East Line, a highly advanced fully automated new underground heavy rail system. This NEL had a daily user of 325,433 in 2009 which is 20 kilometers long and include 16 stations from punggol to Harborfront.According to data of Civil Aviation ascendence of Singapore and Changi Airport Group Pte Ltd, number of aircraft arrivals and departures were 120,184 and 120176 respectively for both passengers and parcel/mail. Aircraft is major transportation for arriving and departing Singapore, according to data of passenger arrival/departure by using aircraft. In year 2009, passenger data of arrival and departure was recorded as 18,026,000 passengers arrival and 18,063,000 departures. As for the parcel/mail incoming and outgoing by aircraft in 2009 were 12113 and 14945 tonnes.By looking at the Data of Maritime and Port consent of Singapore, ships are the major source of transporting cargos and containers. According to data, in 2009, 130575 vessels arrived in Singapore by shipping 1784669(000) giga tonne. Air cargos were mainly used by North East Asian Countries due to discharged tonnes of 377,184 in year 2009. These North East Asian Countries include China, Hong Kong, Republic of Korea and Taiwan. Total air cargo discharged tonnes by various countries and regions in 2009 were 846,671.Table1. Describes the number of population using vehicles in 2007-2009Table.1 the number population used of vehicles in year 2007, 2008 and 2009 were as follows200720082009Car505,987540,455566,608Rental Cars11,05412,39112,763Taxis24,44624,30024,702Buses14,53015,32716,023 force Cycles Scooter144,340146,120147,215Goods Other Vehicles150,979156,089158,207Total851,336894,682925,518Adopted from Land transport Authority3.3 CommunicationThere were 1.857 million fixed telephone users in 2008 whereas 6.375 million users were industrious cellular users. Presently, there are three communication service providers that are SingTel, Star hub and M1. 3G wireless servic e was launched in February 2005. As for the internet service, most of the people use broad band internet service provided by three internet service providers. According to data of Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, Media Development Authority and Singapore Post which were collected at April 2010, there were 2046.7(000) of broadband internet users including xDSL, cable modems, leased line internet and other broadband internet approach methods. Dial-up internet users were only 75.1(000) users. As for the mobile phone users for both 3G and 2G, there were 6920.2(000) users while the fixed mobile users were unknown. There is Sing post postal service which delivers mails and parcels to most of the countries around the world.4. Consumer Buying Habits4.1 Product use patternIn Singapore, furniture is one of the essential products for buildings. People use furniture for daily purposes. Furniture is essentially indeed products in Singapore due to the increasing number of residents, international students, employees from around the world, Singapore requires more housings, schools and universities, hotels and restaurants. Therefore, furniture is required for those housings, universities, schools, hotels and restaurants. In Singapore, 76.8% are Chinese according to nationmaster.com. Chinese usually value arts and handicraft. Moreover, Chinese buy new furniture for their houses after Chinese new-year because Chinese belief that if they can buy new products in this New Year and they believe that they will enable to buy in next New Year.4.2 Product preferenceIn general, Singapore prefers light, small and cheap furniture because most of the Singaporean lives in condominium and flats. As for the restaurants and international hotels, teak furniture is preferred most, in order to show their status and position. Tastes and preferences can vary among customers.4.3 Shopping HabitsAccording to the study of (Neilson, 2009) Singapore had changed shopping habits due to current financial crisis. This study shows that 70 share of the consumer spent only on essential products. However, latest Nielsen Global consumer index shows that Global consumer index of Singapore in second quarter of 2010 increased to index of 112 that is nearly as 114 in third-quarter of 2007. Therefore, contribution of consumers who believed that Singapore was in recession had declined from 28 percent to 17 percent in Q2 2010. According to the survey conducted in 2006 to 22,000 internet users in 42 markets, it was revealed that 74% of consumers admitted that shopping as form of entertainment. Similarly, in Singapore shopping was considered as a form of entertainment due to nine out of 10 respondents replies. 7% of Singaporean went shopping twice a week or more often although others went shopping with lesser extent. 22% of Singaporeans did it weekly while 32 percent shopped once a month. 29% shopped more than once a month and 10 percent never shopped.Moreover, Singapore was the only Asian country which made it through to the global top 10 which agreed with the therapeutic effect of clothes shopping. According to the data, following pie chart is identified.Source adopted form www.acnielsen.com.sg/news/20060719.shtml5. Distribution of the productIn Singapore, furniture can be bought from either from retailers or manufacturers. Some Furniture manufacturers place products both on retail shop while others sell by own showrooms. Furthermore, there are countless of small furniture shops and showrooms in Singapore. The largest furniture retail store in Singapore is IKEA which is followed by Courts.6. Advertising and promotionAs for the advertising, if it is to reach international hotels and restaurants, sending product catalog is the best counselling to get attention. Advertising on television by targeting on restaurants and international hotel is also considered effective way of advertising. In advertising on television by showing elegant and modernized teak furnitu re can attract the attention of high-class customer.Similarly, as for the advertising high class society, same media can be used to attract customers. Direct marketing can be also used to for both high-class society and hotels and restaurants. Moreover, participating in furniture shows held by Singapore Furniture Industry Council will also draw the attention of respective customer. According to (Russell, 2006) Singapore market drew 17,838 visitors from 112 countries which was the largest ever.Additionally, according to the extinguish release of international furniture fair Singapore, the fair held in March 2010 attracted the 17,277 visitors from 112 countries. This fair was held for 4days from 9 to 12 March 2010.In Singapore, furniture is discounted by percentage in some seasons. Sales discount depends on furniture. Some furniture may be discounted 20% while others are discounted 10% only.7. Compare and course with competitors products7.1 competitors productsMozaic is a Singapore brand that is integrated by successful Singapore furniture companies which satisfy the needs and wants of customers by providing specially crafted products. Combination of West and East business practices, designs, availability of resources, Singapore Mozaic fulfils the satisfaction of customer around the world.Wholecut-rate sale Teak Company manufactures furniture with highest quality. Wholesale teak company furniture includes teak furniture, resort furniture and antique furniture of Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, classic French, classic English, Italy sofa and Italy furniture. Wholesale Teak Company have achieved the following reputations, the best whole sale teak furniture, antique furniture, classic furniture, Italy sofa and Italy furniture specialist.http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8189661.stmhttp//www.warc.com/news/topnews.asp?ID=25256http//www.furnituresingapore.com/http//www.acnielsen.com.sg/news/NewsReleaseJuly212010.shtmlhttp//www.acnielsen.com.sg/news/20060719.shtmlhttp/ /www.iffs.com.sg/press_20012010.asphttp//www.asiaone.com/Business/News/SME%2BCentral/Story/A1Story20080310-53515.htmlhttp//www.singaporemozaic.com/mozaic_cms/index.php? pickaxe=com_contentview=articleid=4Itemid=4http//www.wholesaleteakcompany.com/html/about_us__teak_furniture.html

Requirements for the Corporate Computing Function

Requirements for the Corporate Computing FunctionMichael J. HudginsThe new Corporate CIO of XLZ Data Systems has devised a ball club-point mission statement for the comp each. I am one of the operations managers in the department and have received a memo on the new policy and an associated task. The CIO wants to address the new strategy in a three- kind rollout plan and my feedback on LAN and MAN technology. As a reference point, the table below addresses the nine points of the mission statement of the CIO. summary as to wherefore the fifth point, Meet data requirements of management, is in the CIOs list of nine (9) points.Stallings, W. (2009) It is very important that the development of data processing activities at the departmental level can at times increase the difficulty of obtaining data for the effective use of executive management making their job more difficult, the information difficult to interpret. The adoption of differing departmental standards and means of summari zing data makes uniform collection of data for upward reporting more difficult. (p. 54). Therefore, it is of my own opinion that the reason why CIO stressed that point is to make sure that we address the complexity of understanding the massive amounts of data that is produced and presented to management and that the process be as streamlined as possible. This makes it possible for the CIO to make better business decisions without having to spend more time that should be sifting through vast amounts of data produced that was not designed as it was outlined in the business requirements documents.First Phase Rollout Items ListingSince the first phase of the rollout will only contain three of the nine points of the mission statement, I would make a case that the items to be included in phase one would be the hobby for the reasons listedItem number one (1) I call up would have to be part of the initial rollout Provide computing capability to all organizational units that legitimately r equire it. After all it is our mandate to brook IT services to all corporate customers and departments within the organization and this could be done on a exist savings basis by acquiring cost efficient systems that include servers, personal workstations and personal computers.Item number two (2) would be number 9 of the mission statement Make the work of employees pleasant as well as productive. I firmly believe that our employees are our greatest assets and should be treated as much(prenominal) and considered just as valuable as the IT Systems hardware and software. Having access to all the resources that our employees bespeak to perform their job tasks is an essential and I might add, critical aspect of productivity. This benefits the company bottom line. death but certainly not least, the third item of the initial rollout I believe would be mission statement item number seven (7) throw overboard organizational units sufficient autonomy in the conduct of their tasks to op timize creativity and performance at the unit level. Stallings, W. (2009) Widespread use of small computers can pass on highly individualistic service to all the departments needing computing, allow users to establish and maintain autonomy in their operations using their own equipment, and provide users with hands-on probability to enjoy computing use while improving departmental productivity. (p. 54)Now that I have addressed the first three items to be part of the phase one rollout of the CIOs mission initiative, I would like to take this opportunity to address what I believe to be the most critical and necessary part of any IT Corporate Initiative and that is Security. I strongly recommend to the CIO that XLZ Systems. It does not matter how large or small our company currently is, there is a need to have a cyber security plan to ensure the security of our information assets. The cyber security plan that we implement must take into consideration the protection of the followingXLZ Systems customer information, that includes all confidential information is currently held on behalf of customers and business clients.XLZ Systems financial information, and this information includes market assessments and all of our companys own financial records and other multilateral financial corporate data.XLZ Systems corporate products information, that includes any designs, plans, our patent applications, source code, and any and all drawings.As we have seen from other corporate data security breaches such as Target to name a few, failure to protect our datas confidentiality might result in our customer credit card numbers being stolen, with intelligent consequences and a loss of goodwill. This can and more than likely will result in lost customers and the potential for lawsuits.So in closing, in addition to the nine points of the mission statement I would amend it to now number ten with security ranking as high as number one. This will be my report to the CIO.ReferencesSc hlossbauer, S (2015) Management Requirements and Changing Values in the Information Age Retrieved from https//us.experteer.com/magazine/management-requirements/Stallings, W. (2009). CIS 505 Business Data Communications Custom edition (6th ed.). fastness Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Stallings, W (2009) Standards Organizations Retrieved from http//www.box.net/shared/9dtnzvwys8/1/15730219/164146343/1Zaharia, A (2016) 10+ Critical Corporate Cyber Security Risks A Data goaded List UpdatedRetrieved from https//heimdalsecurity.com/blog/10-critical-corporate-cyber-security- risks-a-data-driven-list/

Albergo Diffuso: An Alternative Form of Hospitality Essay -- Tourism

The defining features of the albergo diffuso.Like a holiday apartment, an albergo diffuso allows travellers to join in village sustenance, but the bonus is that it offers the basic services of a hotel (Williams, 2010). In order to gain a full comprehension of the new concept, some of the dramatic features of this phenomenon must(prenominal) first be discussed. To be able to earn its name, an albergo diffuso hotel is required to meet several criteria. First, the initiative should come from within the community and a hotel must use existing buildings and local workforce. Second, the minimum number of rooms required is seven they all should be located within 200 meters from each other. Third, the empyrean must have some minimum services offered, such as a restaurant, a grocery store, a pharmacy. Last, local residents should be part of the father its their open and welcoming attitude that makes a guests stay memorable (Dichter). In addition, an albergo diffuso hotel must retain uniq ue local touch to differentiate itself from uniform accommodations. DallAra insisted on recovering the origins of a local culture and preserving a strong sense of place. Being a part of the historic centre, abandoned buildings gain new life and naturally stand out from traditional and boring style of cookie cutter structures (Fortney-Schneider, 2011). For example, the countryside in the Marche region offers the traditional Italian village lodging, while the townspeople of Matera features unique grottoes-type hotel rooms with atmosphere of a typical twentieth century cave dwelling. The renovations in each village carefully preserved detailed period decor to ensure the guests have a truly authentic experience and enjoy the sense of ease and tranquility of the bygone times (... ...Saving Towns by Filling Rooms by Gizela Williams that appeared in the May 2010 issue of The New York Times (New York Edition).A featured article from blog community insidersabroad.com. Valerie Fortney-Schne ider More Than a Mere Hotel Albergo Diffuso is a Welcome Alternative October 2011 the brochure The innovation Albergo Diffuso Developing Tourism Through Innovation and Tradition. IDEASS Italy www.ideassonline.org by Giordano Dichter a research penning Albergo diffuso concept as a new offer in rural area. Pavlo Ruzic, Marinela Dropulic. Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreca case study A typical Italian phenomenon The albergo diffuso Marco Confalonieri, Inoversita Cattolica del Sacro 2010 Tourism Management databasea January 2012 article by Amlie Racine titled Albergo Diffuso An alternative form of hospitality from tourismintelligencego.

The Pros and Cons of Free Trade Essay -- Free Trade Tarriff Duty Tradi

The Pros and Cons of Free TradeFree trade is exchange of goods and commodities between parties without the enforcement of tariffs or duties. The trading of goods between people, communities, and nations is not an innovative economic practice. Nations are however the main element within a innocent(p) trade agreement. By examining discharge trade through tierce diametric semipolitical ideologies Liberal, Nationalistic, and Marxist approaches, the advantages and disadvantages will become apparent. Theses three ideologies stumbleer the best evaluation of free trade from three different perspectives.The fundamental component for a liberal political economy is the concept that there be no interference from the government or each other outside source. It is this laissez-faire approach that enables the liberal political economy to create what is known as a division of bear on. Within this division of labour there are individuals who manufacture goods and those who manage goods. It is the latter however, that end up with the most capital in the long run. The advantage of free trade from a liberal perspective is the ability of the minority controlling the goods to ascertain more wealth than the majority manufacturing the goods. What Smiths perspective does not take into peak is why nations with more low-level workers are less prosperous than nations with more advanced means of production. Nations that have advanced technologically are better off because their means of production allow for more production from less workers, but cost more and are less appealing to those in control. This element relates outright to the disadvantage of a liberal perspective. While the rich become more affluent and cheaper workers are available in struggli... ...ne is treated equally. The advantage within free trade from a Marxist perspective is poorer nations are allowed the same opportunities as the richer nations. The disadvantage is that no matter how much one nat ion produces (their effort), they are entitled to the same opportunities. The wealthy and perhaps more productive nations would view this as unfair to them. Free Trade is a beneficial thought process if all parties involved, that is, the workers, the state, and the private sector, could be represented equally and justly. Until all three ingredients are given the same chances, each perspective will allow for different advantages and disadvantages. By examining the liberal, nationalistic, and Marxist perspectives individually and in contrast with one another, free trade can be seen as a completely different political economy from one region or nation to the next.

Parents Must be Involved in their Childrens Education :: Persuasive Essays, Argumentative Essays

Have you heard the old adage, It takes a village to raise a child? Even in todays busy world where villages are almost nonexistent and neighborhoods arent as closely knit as they once were, this saying holds true. The same principle applies to your childs educationit takes to a greater extent than a good school to educate children, just as takes more than a good home to make children well adjusted. It takes community, teachers, and it takes YOUDid you know that children spend over 1,000 hours a year in school? So, if they go to school for 13 years, that adds up to 13,000 hours when someone else teaches, influences, molds and cares for your children. But, if parents and schools work together, children can grow up as educated, competent and productive members of our society. So how can you help your children in school? wiz of the main ways is to get take an active role at home and at school.Research shows that children do better in school when parents peach often with teachers an d become involved. Kids whose parents interact with teachers usually get higher grades and test scores, develop positive attitudes or so school, and are better behaved. Parents and teachers need to communicate on a regular basis, not just at parent/teacher conferences. But sometimes, a parent doesnt know just how to go about getting involved or how to make that positive connection with the teacher and/or school.So, where do you start? It is best to try and meet teachers early in the school year. This will help the teacher better understand your values, your child, and also lets them know that you support your childs education. Teachers like to have parents who are elicit in a childs progress.If you are involved in school activities and events you will have added views to talk with you childrens teachers. Becoming involved in PTO, PTA, and Booster Clubs also get togethers you a change to get to know the teachers better. On top of that, involvement in groups related to t he school give you a chance to have some say in the decisions that may affect your children. You dont have to be involved in everything. Choose something that is manageable and give it your all.Another good investment in your childs education is to volunteer. What you do will depend on the needs at your school and your abilities, alone usually the possibilities are endless.

Satan in John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- essays research papers

Who is Satan? Satans definitions include the advocate of God, a personification of evil, the fallen angel, a nerve created by God, and also the accuser. People see Satan differently, any(prenominal) know of his existence, others think of him as just a myth, and there ar those that just edit him. fanny Miltons Paradise Lost tells of Satans banishment from Heaven and his gain of earth. He and his brigade oblige plotted war against God and are now goddam to billow in the fiery pits of hell. Satan is a Gordian character with many different qualities. God is a character who we, as Christians, know somewhat however do not completely understand. We also do not completely understand Satan. Some may think they know Satan but when asked Is Satan divine? they hesitate. I admit that this is a very tough question to answer but it is just one of the ways that we understand Satan. The tools we shake off to understand Satan are mainly the just Bible and our questions, but some use J ohn Miltons Paradise Lost. There are some who think we should not use Paradise Lost as a tool because it is just a fictional take for. I personally believe that this book could be a story told to John Milton by the Holy Spirit. Miltons Satan is somewhat different to our thought of Satan largely because he is more complex than the Satan of the Christian tradition. Satans rebelliousness, his seeking of transcendence and his capacity for action, particularly evil action, change certain peoples viewpoints on him, even if their viewpoint world power be considered theologically misleading. The question is do we actually understand Satan and evil by means of the book Paradise Lost? In John Miltons Paradise Lost, Satan is banished from Heaven for his defiance against God. Satan an... ...ological story. We have books like the Left Behind series and some of us treat them like they are describing what is going to happen. In the book Wrestling with Dark Angels Satan is described as a supernatural being, although limited in power yet unperturbed greatly effective in fulfilling his malicious purpose, at least for a time. Because he is limited in power he has to rely upon clever double-dealing and allusion (117). Satan pull up stakes never be in charge of us as long as we never let him in. If we let him in we will see the allusion and will love it like he does. Finally, Satan interests many critics, who ask many questions. Many of the questions are unanswerable since we do not have access to Satans mind, let alones Milton mind. The Satan in Paradise Lost is a product of Milton. His character will continue to fascinate and mortify us all for many more generations.